Up from Slavery Booker T. Washington, Summary

Up from Slavery Booker T. Washington, Summary The book Up from Slavery, is about a nine-year-old slave named Booker T. Washington who lived on a plantation in Virginia.  Booker T. Washington describes his childhood as a slave as well as the hard work it took to get an education. Booker T. Washington shares details of the changes he went through from a student to teacher.  He also outlines his experience as an educator and how helped with the development and opening of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Booker T. describes the progress of when Tuskegee started having classes small shacks to now having classes in new buildings. The last chapter, describes Booker T. career as a public speaker and civil rights activist. Booker T. mention the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895 which made him well known nationwide. He ends his story with several acknowledgments he had received for his work which includes an honorary degree from Harvard.  In addition to, there were two significant people who made a visit t o Tuskegee, President McKinley and General Samuel C. Armstrong. Booker T. was a nationwide leader for the development of African Americans in the post-Reconstruction South. He pushed for the economic and industrial improvement of Blacks while helping Whites with voting rights and social equality. His mother was the plantation cook where they lived. It did not have glass windows and the doors barely hung on uneven hinges. There were large cracks in the walls that let in cold air in the winter and humidity in the summer. The floor was the stripped to the ground. Booker T. had no reminiscence of playing games or sports. He regretted it because he believed he would have been a more useful man if he had. However, because he was a slave he dedicated his life to work. He cleaned yards, carried water, and took corn to the mill. Moving corn to the mills was the hardest jobs he had ever done. While at work, Booker T. heard two men chatting about a school for African Americans people which would be opening in Virginia. Booker T. learned that not only was the institute famous, but openings were offered to help cover the cost of room and board and the students would be taught a trade. Booker T. felt like this could be a great chance. He was fixed on going to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia. Booker T. left the salt mines to get a job at the General Lewis Ruffner, the owner of the mines. He wanted to continue to make money. General Lewis wife was a very strict boss. A lot of young men had quit or had got fired because they didnt meet her values.  Booker T. would walk around all night and beg for a ride until he had reached 82 miles to Hampton. He did not have any money to pay for a place to sleep so he walked around the city of Richmond until he found a place to sleep. Booker T. had saved enough money to reach Hampton. He believed he had a surplus of 50 cents. When he reached Hampton, he was impressed by the beauty of the school building. He believed that his life would have new meaning. He stood before the head teacher hoping to enroll but he didnt make a satisfactory impression on her. His clothes were dirty and his appearance was rough. The teachers at Hampton helped to provided Booker T. with fresh clothing because the institute had strict rules. All students attending had to have clean clothes and shiny shoes. Booker T. was also given an extra set of clothing that was sent in barrels from up North.  Booker T. slept in a bed for the first time that had sheets on them.  He was unaccustomed to sleeping on sheets for the first several nights. After watching the other boys for a while, he picked up on how to make his bed. Booker T. was one of the youngest adolescent boys in the school but that didnt stop his determination. Even as Booker T. att ended school at Hampton Institute, he learned a significant lesson about education that would be with him for a long time. One of the lessons was being clean was a vital part of a persons self-confidence. He also learned that even though if a person had an education, it did not put them directly above blue-collar labor. Booker T. believed education should be well rounded and that a people should learn to enjoy labor. He also learned to be more independent and valuable to others in his surroundings.  In addition to, Booker T. thought that people should not be selfless but lead by example. Booker T. Washington later take all his left lessons to the Tuskegee Institute where he became a principal. In the month of May, 1881, General Armstrong accepted a proposal from a group of philanthropists who recommended that the principal for the new school be an African American in the little town of Alabama which would be called Tuskegee. At the time of the request, people assumed that there would not be an African American man that would qualify for the position. Nevertheless, to the shock of the founders of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington was recommended for the position where he would be accepted at the school. Shortly after Booker T. Washington made it to Tuskegee, the founders and Booker T. agreed that the school would open on July 4, 1881, Independence Day. Booker T. thought the goal of the Tuskegee Institute would be the source for people who could work hard, learn a skill, and make a living. He also thought people should learn the meaning of hygiene and religion. Booker T. wanted the graduates to go all over the country and be a model to all they met.  Reading, wr iting and arithmetic was taught. But a greater value was placed on the skills and everyday living. Booker T. hope students would know that working as a laborer was not an embarrassment. As a part of all the students training, they were expected to do all the work at the institute. In 1893, Booker T. Washington married his third wife, Miss Margaret James Murray, who had graduate of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.  Portia his daughter was a dressmaker. She had a passion for music. Portia later was hired as an instructor at Tuskegee. His son Booker T., Jr. learned the brick masons trade. He wanted to become an architect one day.  Ernest, the youngest son wanted to be a doctor. He decided to gain experience in a doctors office. His biggest guilt was he couldnt spend more time with his family. Twenty years later, the Tuskegee Institute has incorporated a lot of land built by the student. All the manufacturing departments demonstrated skills that permitted students to get careers once they graduated at the institute. Washington died in 1915 as one of the most popular black men in the world. Booker T. had dinners with the President of the United States, as well as dining with royal families in Europe. Washington was an intellectual man who tried to do the best for African Americans. He wanted to have an education that would allow them to live ideal lives. A number of black leaders in America today, such as Alan Keys, hope to go back to Washingtons structure of educating the head, hand, and the heart. The Tuskegee Institute has improved since Washingtons time. While the school was built to help African Americans to learn a skill, it now supports students to earn a college degree. Washingtons assessment on integration consisted of living by example. Washington felt if black pe ople could demonstrate white people they could act sophisticated and be an asset to the community, all the races would finally get along. Washington felt like the government could make people like one another by making it legal. Washington believed African Americans had to prove themselves as equals.

Its Time for West Virginia to Eliminate Food Tax Essay -- Argumentati

It's Time for West Virginia to Eliminate Food Tax Can you recall an incident in American history involving disgruntled citizens dumping tea into the Boston Harbor? I can. This tea dumping was one of the foremost events of the revolution. Do you remember why these angry citizens dressed as Indians, stormed one of their own boats, and dumped all of the crates of tea into the harbor? The English monarchy’s taxing of the settlers’ tea caused this uprising. Right now, West Virginia’s government is levying an almost identical tax; the government is taxing the very food that West Virginians eat for survival. Doesn’t the government tax enough each year without taxing something that is required for our very sustenance? According to USA Today, "The government takes more money in other taxes each year than the average American spends on food, shelter, and clothing combined." (Armey, internet) At least the first Americans could choose whether or not they would drink tea. Currently, West Virginians do not have the cho ice whether or not to eat food. Why should we have to pay any more than the store charges us for the food? It is time for the legislature in West Virginia to reform West Virginia’s tax system and do away with the ridiculous tax on food. Initially, a West Virginia food tax doesn’t seem like such a bad idea, but after contemplating the principles, it becomes more and more unethical. Ethically, why should West Virginians pay tax on food when many other American citizens do not? Consequently, a West Virginia food tax is unethical in that it punishes the poor. Every year in West Virginia, poor children go hungry because their families can’t afford to put food on the table. I conducted an independent survey involving fifty anon... ... On Food Would Aid The Poor" St Louis Post Dispatch. 3-28-97 page 1 and 2 Bill Rankin. "Like most tax cuts, state’s elimination of food sales tax hinders real: reform". Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 6 October 1996. http://www.elibrary.com/ Sam Attlesey. "Democrats support sales tax amendment: Proposal would ban levy on food, medicine". The Dallas Morning News. 19 March 1998. www.elibrary.com Andrew Cain. "Help take a bite out of food tax". The Washington Times". 29 September 1998. Gene Callahan. "Bandersnatch Tax cut Proposal". http://www.bandersnatch.com/ Warren McGraw. "Elect Warren McGraw to the supreme court". Radio Commercial. 27 October 1998. Staton, Rick. Personal interview. 7 Nov. 1998. Cecil Underwood. "Governor’s Commission on Fair Taxation". www.state.wv.us/fairtax/agenda.htm Cadle, Pat. Personal interview. 8 Nov. 1998

The KKK versus the Anti-Klan Movement Essay -- Essays Papers

The KKK versus the Anti-Klan Movement The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is the oldest and largest gathering of White Christian men and women. As the oldest White's Right group in the world, members of the Ku Klux Klan face much criticism from the rest of society and are constantly trying to break down the negative stereotypes and connotations that are associated with the KKK. In fact, the Confederate flag is now in question as a device to distinguish the organization as it has been deemed a symbol of bigotry and injustice toward African Americans in the south. In this paper, we will first look at the KKK as an organization and the principles upon which they were founded. Later, we will look at the claims that the KKK is not a "hate" group and the reasons why others feel differently. We will also examine other groups and their feelings for and against racism. There are literally hundreds of organizations world-wide for and against racism. We will look at some of these groups, and how some share the similar beliefs as the Ku Klux Klan and others as they combat the evil the KKK spreads. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded on Christmas Eve in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee. Following the Civil war, the Klan was formed by the former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest in order to protect the wives and children of the Confederate dead. The rise of this organization after the Civil War was also due largely to the fact that Jews were profiting from negro's work on cotton plantations. This is why the Confederate men and women had so much hostility toward Jews and negros. Forrest originally named the group "Kuklos Klan," a mixture of Greek and Scottish meaning "family circle." Many branches of the group sprang up all over th... ...97. "Stormfront White Nationalist Resource Page." http://www.stormfront.org/ March 24, 1997. "Aryan Nations/KKK Rally." http://www.coil.com/~ara/rally.html April 1, 1997. "Ku Klux Klan." http://xroads.virginia.ed April 1, 1997. "FAQ of the KKK." http://www.danger.com/kkk March 24, 1997 "Town Continues to Fight Against Klan." http://www.tcac.com/~steveb/pulaski.html April 9, 1997. "On the Scene." http://louisville.com/loumag/june/scene6.htm April 9, 1997. "Klan Launches Ugly Attack on Indiana's Amish." http://www.communinet.org/News_Journal/klan.html April 9, 1997. "KU KLUX KLAN." http://www/media.utah.edu/medsol/UCME/k/kkk.html March 24, 1997. "Anti-Racist Action~Columbus." http://www.infinet.com/~keep/ara.html April 1, 1997. "Other Sites: Anti-Racist Resources." http://www.almanac.bc.ca./othersites/related-anti.html April 1, 1997.

The Odyssey, by Homer, is an Epic Essay -- Epic Narrative

An epic is a long, episodic narrative poem that recounts the adventures of a historical or mystical hero. Episodic narratives have a larger story broken down into closely connected, but individual and separate sections. Some important qualities that distinguish an epic are unrealistic antagonists, the Gods and Goddesses playing important roles, and a story involving the re-establishment of a proper leader. â€Å"The Odyssey†, by Homer, is an epic because Odysseus (the hero) faces supernatural antagonists, the gods and goddesses play an important role, and Odysseus is being restored as a rightful leader. Throughout the story, Odysseus faces several supernatural antagonists. One of these antagonists is a creature named Scylla. In a daring and dangerous section of the epic, the story mentions, â€Å"He and his crew must pass between Scylla and Charybdis. Scylla is a terrifying monster with six heads. She dwells in a high rocky cave, devouring sailors in ships that pass close by.†(Homer 617) Scylla is a supernatural monster because no large creatures have been identified in the world to have six heads. She is Odysseus’ antagonist because in this particular section, Odysseus must challenge the monster by sailing close by, without losing sailors. However, Scylla devours six of his men, one for each head. Therefore, by losing his men to Scylla, the monster is noticeably an antagonist. Prior to the encounter with Scylla, Odysseus faces a one-eyed monster named Polyphemus. Polyphemus lives in the land of the Cyclops, and Odysseus is eager to meet this â€Å"mountai n king†. An excerpt from the story of the Cyclops Odysseus reports, â€Å"†¦but in one stride he clutched at my companions and caught two in his hands like squirming puppies t... ...raits. By learning from his mistakes, Odysseus will be more knowledgeable of how a king would act. The development of leadership traits is the final point that makes â€Å"The Odyssey† an epic. â€Å"The Odyssey†, by Homer, is an epic because Odysseus (the hero) faces supernatural antagonists, the Gods and Goddesses play an important role, and Odysseus is mortal and possesses flaws and imperfections. Odysseus encounters monsters such as the Cyclopes, and Scylla and Charybdis. He interacts with the Gods Zeus and Poseidon. Odysseus is also in the process of gaining leader-like traits such as judgment and cautiousness. â€Å"The Odyssey† is an epic journey full of Odysseus’ quests and adventures. Works Cited Homer. "The Odyssey." Adventures in Reading. Ed. Dorothy Diemer Hendry. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989. 599-653. Print.

Kawasaki Disease

Acknowledgement This case study would not be possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who are in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study. My outmost gratitude to Ms. Maria Donna Duron, the school directress of St. Augustine School of Nursing Espana for her genuine sincerity and encouragement. To my adviser Ms. Cecilia J. Sarte for her patiently supervising and assisting us with their knowledge, as we gradually go through the process of doing the case study itself, sincerest thanks. To my clinical instructor Mr.Joey M. Cadano for all the help and valuable insight he had shared To my instructor Mr. Paolo M. Zabat and all the faculty staff for their moral support and untiring effort in encouraging us to finish our study. To my classmates and friends who gave their moral support and help all the way despite the busy schedules in preparing their own case study. To my family for supportin g me all the way, providing me with everything I need financially and emotionally. Last but not the least, to our Almighty Father for his unceasing guidance and blessings, for constantly giving me hope, courage and patience.Truly none of this is possible without you. ii Table of Contents TitlePage Number I. Acknowledgementii II. Objectiveiv III. Introduction a. Definition1 b. Incidence1 c. Etiology2 d. Manifestations and Complications2 IV. Anatomy and Physiology3 V. Pathophysiology6 VI. Patient’s Profile a. Biographical Data7 b. Chief Complaint7 c. History of Present Illness7 d. Medical History8 e. Family History8 VII. Laboratory Findings9 VIII. Physical Assessment11 IX. Nursing Care Plan15 X. Drug Study20 XI. Discharge Plan23 iii II. Objectives General:The objective of my case study is to develop and acquire understanding, skills, and knowledge about the disease, and health promotion to prevent further complication on the condition of the patient. Specific: Nurse Centered ? Assess the patient’s overall health status ? Impart necessary health teachings to the patient ? Perform appropriate nursing care in conjunction with the condition of the patient ? Widen and enhance the student nurses’ knowledge and skills through additional research about the nature of the disease, its signs and symptoms, its pathophysiology, its diagnosis and treatment.Patient Centered ? Know when to seek help from the health care providers whenever the signs and symptoms may appear ? Understand the occurrence of Kawasaki Disease ? Know what other complications may arise, if left untreated ? Gather information about the therapeutic regimen iv III. Introduction Definition Kawasaki Disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is a form of vasculitis identified by an acute febrile illness with multiple systems affected. The cause is unknown, but autoimmunity, infection, and genetic predisposition are believed to be involved.It affects mostly children between ages 3 months and 8 years; 80% are younger than age 5. It occurs more commonly in Japanese children or those of Japanese decent. It has seasonal epidemics, usually in late winter and early spring. It was first described in 1967 by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japan. Kawasaki Disease mainly affects the blood vessels, including coronary arteries. Blood vessels throughout the body get inflamed, and the most serious that could happen is on the heart. If left untreated after 10 days, children may have a higher risk to develop heart problems.Kawasaki Disease manifests in three phases: acute, subacute, and convalescent. The acute phase begins with the abrupt onset of high fever that is unresponsive to antibiotics and antipyretics. The child then develops the remaining diagnostic symptoms. During this stage the child is typically very irritable. The subacute phase begins with the resolution of the fever and lasts until all clinical signs of KD have disappeared. During this phase the child is at greatest ris k for the development of coronary artery aneurysms. Echocardiograms are used to monitor myocardial and coronary artery status.In the convalescent phase, all the clinical signs of KD have resolved, but the laboratory values have not returned to normal (6 to 8 weeks after onset). At the end of this stage the child has regained his or her usual temperament, energy and appetite. The cause of Kawasaki Disease is unknown, but it is thought to be immunologic abnormalities that include increased activation of helper T-cells and increased level of immune mediators and anti-bodies that destroy endothelial cells have been detected during the acute phase of the disease.It has been hypothesized that some unknown antigen, possibly a common infectious agent, triggers the immune response in a genetically predisposed child. Incidence Epidemics of Kawasaki disease primarily occur in the late winter and spring, at 2- to 3-year intervals. Approximately 3000 children with Kawasaki disease are hospitaliz ed annually in the United States. The approximate annual race-specific incidence per 100,000 children younger than 5 years is 32. 5 cases for Americans of Asian and Pacific Island descent, 16. 9 cases for non-Hispanic African Americans, 11. cases for Hispanics, and 9. 1 cases for whites. Although Kawasaki disease has been reported in children of all ethnic origins, it occurs most commonly in Asian children, especially those of Japanese descent. Rates are intermediate among blacks, Polynesians, and Filipinos and are lowest among whites. Manifestations and Complications Manifestations: ? Fever for at least 5 days ? Polymorphous rash ? Strawberry tongue ? Cervical lymphadenopathy Complications: ? Changes in the extremities ? Conjunctival infection ? Vasculitis IV. Anatomy and Physiology [pic]Cardiovascular System Knowing the functions of the cardiovascular system and the parts of the body that are part of it is critical in understanding the physiology of the human body. With its comple x pathways of veins, arteries, and capillaries, the cardiovascular system keeps life pumping through you. The heart, blood vessels, and blood help to transport vital nutrients throughout the body as well as remove metabolic waste. They also help to protect the body and regulate body temperature. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.This system has three main functions: ? Transport  of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes). ? Protection  of the body by white blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the body against foreign microbes and toxins. Clotting mechanisms are also present that protect the body from blood loss after injuries. ? Regulation  of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells. [pic] Lymphatic SystemAn important supplement to the cardiovascular system in helping to remove toxins from the body, the lymphatic system is also a crucial support of the immune system. Unlike blood, lymph only moves one way through your body, propelled by the action of nearby skeletal muscles. The lymph is pushed into the bloodstream for elimination. Appreciating the importance of the lymphatic system in filtering, recycling, and producing blood as well as filtering lymph, collecting excess fluids, and absorbing fat-soluble materials is necessary to the understanding of human physiology.The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels, a fluid called  lymph,  lymph nodes, the thymus, and the spleen. This system supplements and extends the cardiovascular system in the following ways: ? The lymphatic system collects excess fluids and plasma proteins from surrounding tissues (interstitial fluids) and returns them to the blood circulation. Because lymphatic capillaries are more porous than blood capillaries, they are able to collect fluids, plasma proteins, and blood cells that have escaped from the blood.Within lymphatic vessels, this collected material forms a usually colorless fluid called lymph, which is transported to the right and left subclavian veins of the circulatory system. ? The lymphatic system absorbs lipids and fat-soluble materials from the digestive tract. ? The lymphatic system filters the lymph by destroying pathogens, inactivating toxins, and removing particulate matter. Lymph nodes, small bodies interspersed along lymphatic vessels, act as cleaning filters and as immune response centers that defend against infection. V.Pathophysiology VI. Patient’s Profile Biographical Data Name: S. T. Age: 3 years old Gender:Male Address:Quezon City Birth date: January 14, 2010 Religion: Catholic Nationality:Filipino Informant: â€Å"Mother† Date of Admission:February 17, 2013 Admission Data Chief Complaint: â€Å"High Fever† Initial Diagnosis: Urinary Tract Infection Final Diagnosis: Kawasaki Disease Attending Physician: Dr. K. D . History of Present illness Patient’s present condition started 5 days prior to admission when patient have fever at 38. 5 °C associated with rash from face to neck.The patient was brought to Capitol Medical Center and diagnosed with UTI due to bacteria present in his urine. He was given paracetamol and antibiotics for the treatment. They allowed to go home. 4 days PTA, still with fever documented at 39. 5 °C and rash. Swelling of face and lips are cracked. The mother noticed short, quick breathing. The patient was brought again to the hospital, strawberry tongue is noted upon physical examination. The patient was referred to Infectious Disease (ID) Specialist and confirmed having Kawasaki Disease upon conformatory and other laboratory finding.Past Health History Patient’s mother verbalized that all needed immunizations since birth has been done to the patient. The patient has only experience stomach pain and minor health problems such as occasional cough, cold, a nd mild fever. Family History | |Mother |Father | |Hypertension |- |+ | |PTB – |- | |Cancer |- |- | |Allergies |- |- | VII. Laboratory Findings Urinalysis Report |Normal |Actual |Interpretations |Implication | |Color |Light or Pale yellow |Light Yellow |Normal |indicates good hydration and | | | | | |urine concen | | | | | |tration | |Character |Clear |Slightly Turbid |Abnormal |increase fluid intake | |Glucose |(-) |(-) |Normal |well hydrated | |Reaction |4. 6-8ph |6. ph |Normal |there is normal hydrogen ion | | | | | |concentration and extracellular| | | | | |fluid | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Specific Gravity |1. 010-1. 025 |1. 010 |Normal |the concentrating ability of | | | | |the kidney is normal | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |PUS cell |0 |5-8 |Abnormal |indicates possible urinary | | | | | |tract infection | | | | | |Administer antibiotic as | | | | | |ordered | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Squamous |(-) |Few |Abnormal |increase fluid intake | | | | | | | |Bacteria |(-) |Few |Abnormal |increase fluid intake | | | | | |increase intake of Vitamin C | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hematology Report Laboratory/ Diagnostic |Results |Normal Values |Interpretation |Implication | |Procedures | | | | | |Hemoglobin |106 g/L |130-180 |decrease |Decresed hemoglobin leads | | | | | |to symptoms of anemia | |Hematocrit |0. 32 % |0. 40-0. 54 |decrease |Decreased hematocrit leads| | | | | |to symptoms of anemia | |WBC Count |20. 07 |5. 0-10. |increase |Increased WBC was due to | | | | | |presence of infection | |Coagulation Profile | | | | | |Platelet Count |605 |150-450 |increase |Increased PLT points to | | | | | |abnormal conditions of | | | | | |excess clotting | |Differential Count | | | | | |Neutrophil |65 % |50-70 % |normal |Within normal condition | |Lymphocytes |45 % |25-35 % |increase |Will lead to signs of | | | | | |viral infection | |Eosinophil |1 % |1-5 % |normal |Within normal condition | VIII. Physical Assessment |A REA/ REGION |METHOD USED |NORMAL FINDINGS |ACTUAL |INTERPRETATION/ ANALYSIS | | | | |FINDINGS | | | | | | | | |General Appearance | |>Temp: 36. 5-37. 2 °C |> Temp: 39. 5 °C |Not normal.All this symptoms are | | | | | |present due to hyperthermia with | | | |>Resp. Rate: 20-30 cpm | |manifestations of increased respiratory| | |Inspection | |> Resp. Rate: 35cpm |rate and cardiac rate. Fundamentals of | | | |>Pulse Rate: 80-130 cpm | |Nursing, Kozier & Erbs 8th Edition, | | | | |> Pulse Rate: |pp. 529. | |Auscultation |> No Pallor |140bpm | | | | | | | | | | |> Without signs of fatigue |> Pallor | | | |Inspection | | | | | | |> No edema |> Fatigue | | | | | | |Accumulation of fluid in the | | | | | |extremities because of prolong staying | | | | |> Bipedal non- pitting edema |in bed, and excessive accumulation of | | |Palpation | | |fluid in the third spaces, edema | | | | | |developed. Fundamentals of Nursing, | | | | | |Kozier & Erbs 8th Edition, pp. 579. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Not normal due to excessive | | | | | |accumulation of fluid in the third | | | | | |spaces, edema developed.Fundamentals | | | |> No edema | |of Nursing, Kozier & Erbs 8th Edition, | | | | | |pp. 579. | | | | |> With non- pitting edema | | |Skin | | | | | | |Palpation | | | | | | | | |Not normal.Temperature exceeds the | | | | | |normal temperature because of the | | | | | |presence of infection that causes the | | | | | |skin to be warm. | | | | | | | | | | | |Not normal.A skin lesion is an | | | |> Skin is mildly warm to | |alteration in a client’s normal skin | | | |touch |> Warm to touch |appearance. Fundamentals of Nursing, | | | | | |Kozier & Erbs 8th Edition, pp. 576. | | | | | | | | | | | |Not normal. Poor capillary refill | | | | | |results in poor oxygenation. | | | | | | | | |> Without peeling, must be | | | | | |soft and smooth |> Peeling (desquamation) palms |Not normal because there is increase | | | | |and soles |inflammation of the blood vessels | | | | | |causing it to be red in color. | |Inspection | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |> Capillary refill is less | | | | | |than 3 seconds |> With a capillary refill of 5 | | | | | seconds | | | | | | |Normal | | | |> No infection, swelling and| | | | |Palpation |moist lips | | | | | | |> Red mucous membranes in the | | | | | |mouth |Normal | | | | | | | |Mouth | | |> Dry lips | | | |Inspection | | | | | | | |> Cracked lips |Not normal due to infection. | | | | | |Fundamentals of Nursing, Kozier & Erbs | | | | |> Strawberry tongue noted |8th Edition, pp. 607 | | | |> Reactive/ responsive to | | | | | |noises |> Reacts to loud noises |Not normal.Use of accessory muscle | | | | | |(abdominal muscle, trapezius muscle, | | | |> Symmetrical and patent | |and sternocleidomastoid muscle) and | | | | |> Symmetrical and patent |increased RR signifies fatigue and | | | | | |hyperthermia. | |Ears | |> Not palpable | |Fundamentals of Nursing, Kozier & Erbs | | | | |> Enlarged, palpable |8th Edition, pp. 548. | | | | | | | | | | | | |Nose | | | | | | |Inspection |> Breath sounds are resonant|>Breath sounds are resonant | | | | | | | | | | | |> Thorax is rounded | | |Lymph Nodes | |> thorax is rounded | | | | |Inspection | | | | | |Palpation |>normal RR 20-30cpm, |> RR 35cpm |> Not normal due to inflammation of the| | | | | |skin lesions | | | |> normal PR 80-130bpm | | | |Chest, Thorax and Lungs | | |>HR 140bpm | | | |Percussion |> no use of accessory | | | | | |muscles in breathing. | | | | | | |> Use of accessory muscle | | | |Inspection | |(abdominal muscle, trapezius | | | | | |muscle, and sternocleidomastoid |> Not normal due to process of the | | | |> Unblemished skin |muscle) |disease and infection.Weakness is due | | |Palpation | | |to lack of energy needed to do normal | | | |> No tenderness; relaxed |> Presence of rash |activities. | | | |abdomen with smooth, | | | | | |consistent tension | |Not normal. Pain was caused by the | | | | |> Tenderness and |presenc e of bacteria in the urine. | | |> No restriction in |hypersensitivity | | | |Inspection |activities, no weakness and | | | | |Auscultation |alert | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |> Inability to tolerate | | |Abdomen | |> There should no pain felt |activities, weak in appearance, | | | | |when voiding |irritable and lethargic | | | |Inspection | | | | | |> Protein is not evident in | | | | | |the urine | | | | |Palpation | |> With difficulty in urination. | | | | | |Color of the urine is yellow | | | | |> Normal urine output is | |Not normal.This is also caused by | | | |500-1000cc/day or equivalent| |accumulation of excessive fluid in the | |Musculoskeletal and | |to 20-25cc hr | |body | |neurolo- | | | | | |gical status |Inspection | | | | | | |> There should no edema, | | | | | |tenderness, or swelling | | | | | |present | | | | | | | |. |Genitourinary | | | | | | | | | | | | |Inspection | | | | | | | | | | | | | > Non-pitting edema on both feet| | | | | |noted | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Lower Extremities | | | | | | | | | | | | |Inspection Palpation | | | | IX. Nursing Care Plan X. Drug Study XI. Discharge Plan Medication Patient is given discharge maintenance drug for 2 weeks of 120 mg of aspirin every day or 30 mg QID. Exercise/ Activity The patient can resume his usual activities as soon his condition become normal. There is no restriction with regard to physical activities as long as it is tolerable to the patient’s health status. Treatment Allow the child to rest for faster recovery. Since the patient is taking anti-platelet medications, precautionary measures are discussed to avoid bleeding tendency.The patient is instructed to return to his attending physician within one week after date discharge for a follow up consultation. He is also required to have CBC, platelet count and ESR during that visit. Health Teaching Good hygiene is encouraged. Soft toothbrush are recommended. Petroleum jelly can be applied to dry cracked lips. Use mild soap in cleaning the skin and a mild lotion can be applied to protect skin from drying and peeling. Instill artificial tears to sooth conjunctiva as instructed. Outpatient Orders Remind the family on their follow-up check-up with their physician. Maintain good and safe environment to evaluate the progress of the treatment.Diet Soft or pureed diet is advised when the child’s oral mucosa is still inflamed. Cool liquids like ice chips and ice pops can also be offered. Diet will return to usual when the child is able to tolerate it. Provide high protein diet to promote faster recover. Increase fluid intake to prevent dehydration. A Case Presentation of Kawasaki Disease In Partial Fulfilment of the requirement in Maternal and Child Nursing II A Compilation Presented to: St. Augustine School of Nursing Espana, Manila Presented By: Julie Anne G. Lumbera PN-4A Ms. Cecilia J. Sarte MCN II In structor and Adviser Mr. Joey M. Cadano Clinical Instructor KAWASAKI DISEASE [pic]

The Problem with Exotic Pets in America

Abstract Many Americans love to have exotic pets, not thinking of the consequences of ownership. Right now there is a widespread problem in America: In places such as Florida, numerous types of exotic pets are becoming an invasive species as a result of being released back into the wild. The Problem with Exotic Pets in America.Exotic pets have always been a concern to a variety of people: health care officials who treat bites from these animals, insurance companies who have to cover businesses that employ performers who have live exotic animals In their acts (such s ‘Siegfried and Ron and customs agents who Inspect cargo ships for Illegal animals Just to name a few. The problem however, has taken a turn for the worse recently as a result of several things which have occurred not Just in the past year, but also In the past decade. Exotic animals are becoming a problem In the US and a hazard to people, pets, and livestock.Some background Information will now be provided. Almost e veryone above the age of 20 remembers what happened to Roy Horn of Siegfried and Roy when Monterey, the tiger Roy was working with, bit him on the neck and dragged him away. This brought Into focus the warning about -you can take the animal out of the wild, but you can't take the wild out of the animal. † As reported by Miguel Marquee (2003) to CNN, Roy horn was critically injured as a result of the attack and audience members Initially thought It was part of the act until they heard Rosy scream behind the curtain.Some say this act alone brought an end to performers using live animals, not just exotic animals, in their acts. According to the National Invasive Species Center's website (n. D. ). , one form of exotic pet that became an invasive species is the Northern Snaked. This species of fish, originally from mainland China, was brought to the US as an Import and was sold mostly in Asian fish markets as food but also in some pet shops as an exotic pet. When it was discovered in a lake in Maryland in 2002 and in other places such as the Potomac River, it was outlawed and labeled an invasive species.This was mostly due to Its rapid reproduction rate and high level of aggressiveness. Because It had no known natural predators, It soon became the apex predator In the waters where It lived and devoured the local indigenous fish. Like the Asian Carp, Northern Skinheads continue to be a problem on the east coast, but unlike the Asian Carp, their numbers are decreasing through the efforts of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Fish and Wildlife.For purposes to this essay, the impact the Burmese Python NAS and on southern Florida will be used to demonstrate the problem with exotic pets. On October 27, 2011, a 16 foot Burmese Python was captured by South Florida Water Management workers in the Everglades National Park. This snake was credited with being â€Å"one of the largest ever found in southern Florida† and after killing the Python wit h a hooting, a 76 pound adult deer was discovered inside (Douglas, B. 2011). Considering the size of the deer this particular snake was able to eat, one needs to ask the question of what could have happened if this snake had been captured in an inhabited rural area. Considering the size of the snake and its diet, it would no doubt seek out easy prey such as pets or even small children. Sadly, this is not the first time a large snake such as a Python was captured in the wilds of Florida and the problem is not exclusive to Just snakes.Although snakes form the predominant indigenous return being caught, Florida is also plagued with the Nile Monitor Lizard and several aggressive species of iguanas such as the spiny-tailed iguana and the green iguana (National Biological Information Infrastructure, n. D. ). In an article written by Seal and Carmela (2009), Florida instituted a program called the ‘Python Patrol,' in which members of the Park Ranger Service and several other agencies actively look for creatures such as Pythons and other invasive species.The article describes some of the duties and responsibilities of the ‘Python Patrol' and also discusses some of the problems they face and their concerns. An example of one of the things the ‘Python Patrol' looks for in the Everglades are nests and states that the everglades are a perfect habitat for the Burmese Python. They also cite in one instance how the largest cache of eggs found was 83 eggs. Another problem they cite in the article is that in the everglades, the snakes are able to grow at an accelerated rate due to the abundance of food.One thing to note about the Burmese Python is that it can reach up to 20 feet in length and weigh as much as 200 pounds when fully grown. This fact makes it an extremely dangerous predator. The one key thing that links all of the previously discussed information together is that these animals all started off as exotic pets. The problem is more prevalent in Flor ida then in other areas as most of these animals were released by their owners back into the wild rather than being given to a zoo or other appropriate agency for safekeeping and care.In 1992, according to an article written by B. Coronet (2009), Hurricane Andrew destroyed several pet shops containing numerous snakes and other exotic pets. In the aftermath of the storm, many of these snakes escaped into the countryside and have been breeding for 19 ears (an interesting side note to this article is the picture on the website where the article is located showing a Burmese Python in a struggle with an American Alligator). However, for every snake caught how many more remain unaccounted for in the wild and how large have they grown?When one considers that a Python is a stealthy ambush predator, trying to take a census of the Burmese Python population is practically impossible and rather silly: In the wild, the Python's skin coloration and pattern make it virtually invisible to the naked eye. In closing, the capture and eradication of the Burmese Python may never truly be accomplished. As man expands and encroaches upon what little wilderness remains, there are bound to be encounters and clashes with wildlife. The Burmese Python is no exception: it NAS been captured on roads in Florida towns near marshes, under brush piles in backyards, and in several homes.When one does appear in a Florida neighborhood, local authorities are notified and a specially trained crew is sent to retrieve the animal. This would appear as only a stop-gap measure at best: Currently, attempts to control the spread of the Python have met with somewhat positive results, but as previously stated, the more man encroaches on nature the more request these encounters will occur. The best we can hope for is that these encounters do not result in violence or the death off child.

Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

This essay will discourse a instance survey about an fanciful patient with AAA. The essay is divided into three chief subdivisions. It will foremost see the patient ‘s history, the initial trials undertaken, the imagination methods used and the result of each phase. It will so travel to depict the diagnosing and process of EVAR and in decision I will sum up the chief points. A 68 twelvemonth old male patient with a household history of AAA, who was a tobacco user and had a knee replacing 15 old ages ago, was referred by his GP to hold an X ray of the lumbar spinal column and pelvic girdle. . The clinical grounds for the X ray was that the patient had fallen down the stairs 2 hebdomads before and had a hurting in the lower dorsum and right hip. After warranting the request card and look intoing his inside informations, they did an AP and Lateral of his lumbar and an AP scrutiny of his pelvic girdle. And they sent him back to obtain the consequences from his GP after 10 yearss. The radiotherapist reported his diagnosing on the X raies and sent it back to the GP. There was an rating of the categorization in the venters and a suspected abdominal aortal aneurism. So the GP asked him to go to the surgery to discourse the x-ray consequence, and requested an ultrasound of venters to hold a better consequence and a unsmooth indicant of the internal diameter and a n accurate appraisal.The GP asked him to wait until he received an appointment missive from infirmary. After 4 hebdomads he had his assignment. The clinical indicant was categorization on the lumbar X ray, and a question sing an abdominal aneurism. The rating of the ultrasound scan was an abdominal aortic aneurism which was 4.5 centimeter. The bosom was normal in size. There was no grounds of any important mediastinal mass or lymph node expansion. The kidneys were normal in size. The radiotherapist recommended supervising the patient. He besides sent a study to the patient ‘s GP. Six months subsequently in Dec 2007, he attended his 2nd assignment for an ultrasound scan of his venters. There was a little addition in his aneurism. Therefore, a study was sent once more to his GP. The rating was a 4.7cm aortal aneurism. In April 2008 he had another scan which indicated a 5.2cm aneurism. The GP referred him to the vascular sawbones, because the size had reached an index diameter of 5cm.After four hebdomads he met the sawbones. He reviewed his medical history and discussed the x-ray and ultrasound consequence with him. He besides strongly advised him to discontinue smoke, because tobacco users are about 5 times every bit likely as non-smokers to endure from AAA ( Hafez 2008 ) .In November 2008, the aneurism was 5.6cm and fix was recommended by his sawbones.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.e-radiography.net/radrep/Vascular/Vascular_AAA_US_55mm/Vascular_AAA_US_55_long.jpgRadiological Report: US Abdominal Aorta: The maximal A.P. internal diameter of the abdominal aorta is 5.6 centimeter. Mural thrombus reduces the internal diameter to 2.0cms ( x-ray 2000 ) .A The Vascular sawbones discussed with the patient that he needs a surgery every bit shortly as possible, he besides explained the being of two possible methods of fix and outlined the major hazards and benefits of each. He besides explained the possible complications associated with the process, including the hazard of endovascular leaks, the possibility of secondary intercession and the demand for lifelong follow up ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) . He offered him an EVAR surgery, so he was referred to hold a CT scan with clinical indicant of EVAR 5.6cm in ultrasound scan. A Week after he had a CT angiogram aorta. The Radiographer asked him if he has allergy to any contrast media or kidney job. Then he had an IV injection of dye in his arm. The sawbones received the study from Radiologist a few yearss subsequently. Evaluation of CT scan was a 6.2cm infrarenal AAA with a satisfactory cervix of 2cm and good possible common iliac set downing zones suited for EVAR ( Bhattacharya V 2007 ) . He was asked to go to a pre-operative appraisal clinic to run into his sawbones and other members of clinical squad. Two hebdomads subsequently in pre-op they took his medical history and the name of all medicine he used and carried out a physical scrutiny. The surgical squad carried out a figure of trials include blood trial and chest X ray to do certain that he is healthy plenty to hold an anesthetic and surgery. And advised him what he needs to make for admittance twenty-four hours. trials Normal Laboratory Test Values ‘ Patients result Red blood cells 3.8 M/mcL to 5.6 M/mcL 4.6 M/mcL. White blood cells 3.8 K/mm^ to 11.0 K/mm 6 k/mm. Hemoglobin 11 g/dL to 18 g/dL 13 g/dl Hematocrit 34 % to 54 % 38 % Blood urea N mg/dL to 0.4 mg/dL 6 mg/dL to 23 mg/dL Bilirubin, direct 0.0 15mg/dl Bilirubin entire 0.2 mg/dL to 1.4 mg/dL 0.2 milligram /dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL to 1.5 mg/dL 0.7 mg/dL On admittance twenty-four hours which was hebdomad subsequently, he was seen by the nurse, sawbones and anesthesiologist. Then vascular sawbones went through the questionnaire which was about his past medical history and process once more, and explained the hazard and benefit of making the operation. He took his consent and asked him to subscribe the consent signifier. He was taken to the theater and the anesthesiologist gave him a general aneaestatic. Aneurysm fix was performed and after the process, he was taken to the intensive attention unit for recovery. He made good recovery and was discharged on the fifth postoperative twenty-four hours. Complete recovery was 3 months. After 2nd postoperative yearss he had CT angiography In order to observe any complication. There was no grounds of endoleak detected during arterial stage scanning or after a 2-min hold. The patient was discharged without complication. Follow-up CT angiography was performed at 1 month and five month. Then every twelvemonth after that, to do certain there are non any jobs. Discussion: An aneurism is a weak country in aorta. If a blood vas weakens, it starts to bloat like a balloon and becomes remarkably large. If an aneurism signifiers on the abdominal aorta and grows excessively large, the aorta might rupture or tear ( Upchurch and Schaub April 1, 2006, Heather 2008 ) . The most common aneurism is abdominal aortal aneurisms, is below the beginning of the arterias to the kidneys.In work forces, the maximal normal aortal diameter at this degree is about 2.5 centimeter. An aorta that is 3 centimeter or more in diameter at this degree qualifies as being aneurysmal. The happening of AAA varies harmonizing to ethnicity, age and gender. Work force are six times more likely to be affected than adult females. At the age of 65 old ages, 3 % of work forces will hold an AAA. The popularity so increases with age to make about 8 % at the age of 80. AAAs represents about 98 % of aneurism of the whole aorta ( Hafez 2008 and Sparks et al 2002 ) . Any aneurism wider than 5.5 centimeter should be operated upon electively ( Raymond 2006 and Dillon et al 2010 ) .Abdominal aortal aneurism is normally symptomless. Smoke and high blood force per unit area are most of import hazard factors ( patient brochure 2009 and Hafez 2008 ) . Approximately 80 % of patients who present with a ruptured abdominal aortal aneurisms have no old diagnosing. When rupture occurs, mortality is really high ( Scot et al 2008 and Philip et al 2009 ) . On physical scrutiny, AAAs with 3 to 3.9 centimeter scope is tangible 29 % of the clip, compared with those with an AAA more than 5 centimeter. which can be palpated 76 % of the clip ( Gilbert et al 2008 ) . Once the size reaches an index diameter of 5 to 5.5cm or is seen to spread out more than 0.5cm in a twelvemonth needs to mention to vascular sawbones ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) .Harmonizing to Robert et Al 2008 if the abdominal aortal aneurism expands by more than 0.6 to 0.8cm per twelvemonth, fix is normally recommended.The trials were included: Arterial Blood Gas ( ABG ) degrees, to supervise oxygenation, airing, and acerb base position. Complete blood count to supervise Red blood cell, White blood cell ( WBC ) , and thrombocyte counts altered hemoglobin degrees and haematocrit reflect any blood loss and the O transporting ability of the blood. An elevated WBC count reflects an inflammatory response. Serum electrolyte panel-monitors fluid, electrolyte, and acerb base position Serum creatinine and blood urea N ( BUN ) degrees, to supervise nephritic map. Blood curdling surveies to supervise curdling. Urinalysis to supervise nephritic position including secernment and concentration Blood cross fiting necessary for blood replacing Electrocardiography ( ECG ) to look into cardiac alterations associated with ischaemia Chest X ray may uncover abnormalcies of the thorax, bosom and lungs ( Holloway 2004 ) . MRSA Scan to fix his tegument and cut down the likeliness of infection ( trust protocol ) . Patients are normally current or anterior tobacco users and frequently have a history of high blood pressure. Most abdominal aortal aneurisms remain asymptomatic until they rupture, but some are detected by the way either on scrutiny or when the patient undergoes imaging for other grounds. On scrutiny a pulsatile, expandable cardinal abdominal mass may be detected supplying the patient is non grossly corpulent. The femoral and popliteal pulsations should be checked for associated aneurisms ( Scott et al 2004 and Rosalyn 2006 and Louise and Anderson 2001 ) . Compared with unfastened surgery, EVAR has lower operative mortality, lower morbidity, and shorter length of infirmary stay and greater likeliness of discharge to place than unfastened surgery ( Schermerhorn 2009 ) Two option of operation are unfastened fix, where an scratch is made in the venters, and endovascular aneurism fix, where the aneurism is repaired by go throughing instruments through one of the venas ( NHS Choice 2010 ) . Patient demands to hold CT angiogram to cognize if he is suited for EVAR. Because of the form of aneurysm some people are non suited for EVAR Otherwise he should hold unfastened surgery ( NICE 2006 ) . CT is the following measure to assist find which intervention should be used.Serial CT scans can be used to conceive of the proximal cervix ( the passage between the normal and aneurysmal aorta ) , the extension to the iliac arterias, and the patency of the splanchnic arterias. They can besides mensurate the thickness of the mural thrombus. With 3-dimensional imagination, coiling CT and CT angiography can supply extra anatomical inside informations, particularly utile if endovascular process is considered ( Macari et al 2001 ) .The ground of holding CT compared with aortography and MRI is, widespread Availability, systematically consistent consequences, and a comparative cost ( Sparks et al 2002 ) . Elective surgery is to mend an aorta. The sawbones will cover a little metal tubing, which is known as a stent-graft and will attach that to a catheter. The catheter is infixing into one of the arterias in the inguen around the femoral arterias, before being moved up to the site of the aneurism. He will attach the stent-graft to the interior of the aorta with pins, which strengthened the walls of the aorta. The catheter so will be removed. The process will be guided utilizing intensifier x-ray machine and radiographer will take images step by measure. An X-ray imagination process is executing to look into whether the stent transplant is decently placed. The cut will be closed with stitches and a dressing will be placed over the stitches. ( Bupa ‘s Health Information Team 2010 and book ) . X raies of the venters shows Ca sedimentations in the aneurism wall, but we can non see the size and extent of aneurism therefore Ultrasound has approximately 98 % truth in mensurating the size of the aneurism, and is safe and non-invasive. Ultrasonography normally gives a clear image of the size of an aneurism. For surgical fix be aftering ultrasound can non accurately place the extent of the aneurism. Computerized imaging of the venters is extremely accurate in finding the size and extent of the aneurism, and its relation to the nephritic arterias. However, computerized imaging uses high doses of radiation and for rating of blood vass, requires endovenous dye. This carries some hazard including allergic reaction to the dye and annoyance of the kidneys. In patients with kidney diseases, the physician may see an MRA, which is a survey of the aorta and the other arterias utilizing MRI scanning. Both computerized imaging and MRI are effectual for diagnosing. In this instance because pa tient had Knee replacing and no allergic to dye CT is best option. Screening may cut down the incidence of aortal rupture, particularly if applied to bad groups. Erstwhile ultrasound showing for AAA is recommended for all work forces aged a†°?65 old ages and household history of AAA ( NHS Screening plan 2010 ) . Decision: Abdominal aorta aneurism ( AAA ) is a dilation of the aorta. This is about 3 centimeters in most people. Strong hazard factors are cigarette smoke, familial or household history, increased age, male sex, inborn and connective tissue upsets. Diagnostic factors include abdominal, back, or inguen hurting, pulsatile abdominal mass and hypotension. Diagnostic trials are including Plain X ray of venters, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and aortography.There are two option for Treatments of Abdominal aortal aneurism which includes unfastened fix and Endovascular aneurysm fix, depending on patient status. REFRENCESS: Upchurch, Jr. G.R. ( M.D. ) and Schaub, T.A. ( M.D. ) ( April 1, 2006 ) ‘Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm ‘ American Family Physician online. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aafp.org/afp/20060401/1198.html [ Accessed 16/2/2011 ] Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) ‘Abdominal aortal aneurisms, testing and the jurisprudence ‘ AvMA Medical & A ; Legal Journal. 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Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stentgraft.com/id11.htmlconsultant, [ accessed 12/02/2011 ]Bupa ‘s Health Information Team, ( July 2010 ) Endovascular aneurism fix ( EVAR ) , on-line at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bupa.co.uk/healthinformation/directory/e/endovascular-repair, [ accessed 16/2/2011 ] .Kirk, R. M. ( 2006 ) General surgical operations. Topographic point: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Dillon, M. Cardwell, C. Blair, P.H. Ellis, P. Kee, F. Harkin, D.W. ( 2010 ) Endovascular intervention for ruptured abdominal aortal aneurism, The Cochrane Collaboration, Cochrane, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005261.html [ accessed 12/12/2010 ] PATIENT INFORMATION BOOKLET ( 2009 ) Endovascular Stent Grafts: A intervention for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, Medtronic, Vol 302, No. 18 Davarn, S. ( MD ) Reardon, R. ( MD ) Joing, S. 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( M.D. ) ( APRIL 15, 2002, ) Imagination of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN, VOLUME 65, NUMBER 8University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, Kansas available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.e-radiography.net/articles/Aortic % 20Anneurysm % 20imaging.pdf [ accessed 21/02/2011 ]Burkitt, G. H. Quick, C.R.G. Reed, J.B. , ( 2007 ) , Essential surgery: jobs, diagnosing and direction, Churchill Livingston Elsevier Follow diary format aboveZOLER, M. L. ( 2006 ) , Formulas Identify Best Patients for AAA Repair. Internal medical specialty News, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.internalmedicinenews.com/index.php? id=495 & A ; cHash=071010 & A ; tx_ttnews [ tt_news ] =11658 [ accessed 19/02/2011 ]Heather, B. P. 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