What was an American? :: essays research papers

What Was an American?      During the eighteenth century, a great many Western Europeans fled their homes of England, Scotland, Germany, France, and the Netherlands to go to the newfound America. For most, it was a long, distressing excursion that appeared to have no closure. They showed up to a nation encountering colonization, development, bondage, mistreatment, and expectation. Some wanted better financial desires, some came to get away from the barbarous everyday environments of their past homes, and some were transported out of their country to be sold and rewarded as property. The American was a man of advancement, scanning for individual interests and a typical solidarity, which were not open from his property of source.      St. John Crevecoeur depicted the American as something new, his conviction of an American, â€Å"is a renewed person, who follows up on new standards; he should in this way engage new thoughts, and structure new opinions.† Arriving to another mainland, where there was no decision of lords and sovereigns, the American were building up â€Å"new laws, another method of living, and another social system." Americans are descendents of Europeans who all mutual a similar vision for beginning another life, thus a "strange blend of blood," where â€Å"individuals of all countries are liquefied into another race of men.† The American was the trader who originated from Germany, who had never seen the land he was migrating to, he could have been isolated from his kids for an incredible remainder; all since he needed a superior life for his family and the chance to achieve opportunity. The excursion over the Atlantic even given the most ideal breezes took seven weeks. The boats were packed with rotten scents, mouth-decay, scurvy, looseness of the bowels, and deficiency of food. These men persevered through such wretchedness, they sobbed for home: â€Å"Oh! On the off chance that lone I were back at home, in any event, lying in my pig-sty!† When they at last showed up to Philadelphia, they needed to pay for the terrible journey so they were constrained â€Å"to stay on board until bought by Englishmen, Dutchmen, and the High Germans,† where they were isolated from families, and spouses and kids, in view of wellbeing. Children the ages of ten to fifteen would need to tie themselves to agreem ents to work until the age of twenty-one. They accepted this penance was for the better of things to come and more encouraging than their earlier desolate lives. The American was a decided power, needing to assume control over the land with beast power, with no respect to the Indians who had lived there years prior.

Vodafone's Indonesian Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Vodafone's Indonesian Expansion - Essay Example From this investigation plainly the MPR comprises of two houses the People’s Representative Council (DPR) and the Regional Representative Council (DPD). The DPR is the law making body. The republic of Indonesia generally works like the legislature of US with the President holding every single official force. The 33 territories reserve the privilege to make their own laws inside the constitution and since 2001 have been allowed more noteworthy self-governance in their issues. Five of them have exceptional rights for such establishing their own free laws. They are Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua. Aceh area has declared the Islamic Shariah Law. Jakarta is the capital and the five biggest urban communities are Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan and Semarang. Indonesia’s GDP for 2007 is UD$ 408 Billion and the assessed per capita salary is UD$ 1,812. It has an enormous help part involving about 45% of the economy. The mechanical division is a nearby second at about 45%. The rest is farming. Business is anyway most noteworthy in the horticultural area at about 44% of the absolute 95 million working populace. The all out populace is around 206 million. The administrations segment utilizes 36% and the ventures utilize just about 19% populace. Among the significant ventures are oil and gaseous petrol, materials, attire and mining.

Prepare for Spring 2019 New Student Registration

Prepare for Spring 2019 New Student Registration For transfer students who have been admitted for Spring 2019, congratulations and welcome to Illinois! Please take time to celebrate your hard work and this wonderful accomplishment! Now that you are an admitted student, it is essential to make sure you are monitoring your Admitted Student Checklist through your myIllini account. This will inform you of all the important items to complete before the spring semester begins! First and foremost, you’ll need to accept or decline your offer of admission. Once you have accepted your admission, you are officially an Illini and can begin completing other items on your checklist. One of the most important aspects to best prepare for the spring semester is establishing a meeting for advising and registration. Through your checklist, you will be linked to information about new student registration for spring students. Beginning November 1, you can set up an appointment time to meet with your academic advisor and discuss your transferable courses, goals and interests on campus, progress toward your degree, and other topics before registering for Spring 2019 courses. The website about new student registration has the contact information for your college and/or department so you can reach out and make an appointment that works with your schedule. These appointments most often take place on campus, but can also be by phone/email. The last possible date for advising and registration appointments is January 11 as classes will begin Monday, January 14! For those of you admitted to the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (LAS) or the College of Media, you will be contacted directly by your academic advisor to set up your advising registration appointment. To best prepare for your advising and registration appointment, please make sure to complete any required placement exams. Once you have completed all of the items on your Admitted Student Checklist, you are ready to go for the spring semester! Take time to finish your fall semester strong and then relax and get excited for your start at Illinois in just a couple of short months! As always, if you have any questions, please reach out to our Office of Undergraduate Admissionsâ€"we are happy to help! We can be reached at admissions@illinois.edu or by calling 217-333-0302 between 8:30 a.m.-5 p.m. CST. Katie Admissions Counselor I coordinate our New Student Registration programming and telecounseling efforts. I grew up in Homer Glen, a southwest suburb of Chicago. I earned my bachelor's degree in Psychology from Bradley University and my master’s degree in Higher Education and Educational Administration from Southern Illinois University Carbondale.

The Situation That Occurred During My Med Surg Clinical

The Situation that Occurred During my Med-Surg clinical, I was assigned to a patient who was a 94 year female that had several medical conditions. The situation that ensued was difficulty communicating with her, since she did not speak English. Not only did the patient not speak English, but was only alert to herself, as well as extremely confused. As a result, being able to provide effective and quality care became a challenge. The reason for her admission was hyperkalemia, UTI, congestive heart failure (CHF) and acute renal failure (ARF). Unfortunately, the patient had other comorbidities that affected her well being such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, BPPV, CAD, s/p stent, DVT, CKD, stage 4 sacral decubitus ulcer, cholecystectomy, hip fracture and LE fasciotomy DVT. When speaking to the nurse prior to interacting with the patient I was informed by how the family dynamics have escalated the situation. For instance, the nurse and I had to reposition the patient every 2 hours. This bec ame a higher priority, since the patient already had a stage 4 pressure ulcer on her sacrum and was forming ulcers between her toes. Sadly every time we would move the patient, she would scream due to her being confused, the language barrier and being in pain. To make matters worse, after we would reposition the patient, the son would put her back the way she was originally. This became a continual struggle. Therefore, not only was there an obstacle to communicateShow MoreRelatedSpiritual Assessment Tools For Health Care Essay2175 Words   |  9 Pagesno matter what their situation or status is in life. Patients have a right to believe in whatever they choose and nurses must respect their patient’s spiritual beliefs as we respect their cultural beliefs. We must support their spiritual preferences and attend to their spiritual needs. Holistic nursing views the patient’s spiritual needs to be just as important as their physical needs. Nurses often see patients and their families during a time of crisis. It is during these times that we mustRead MorePeptic Ulcer8318 Words   |  34 Pagesulcers. Another category of ulcer which is less commonly seeing and it is called esophageal ulcers which are in esophagus. When the ulcers are in stomach and duodenum then these are called as peptic ulcers. By the opinion of some doctors ulcer is occurred as a result of stress or eating food with too acidity. But majority of cases are come about by an infection which is because of germs. It may happen by many reasons. The main two reasons are stomach makes too much acid and occurring the liningRead MoreImpooving Employee Performance72019 Words   |  289 Pagescommon problem. Certainly one reason that managers don’t give their subordinates honest, tough-minded appraisals of their performance is that they simply lack the courage to provide straight-between-the-eyes feedback, and no book will cure this sad situation. But a more important reason for the problem of organizational grade inï ¬â€šation that occurs in so many companies is that managers have never been told exactly how to set speciï ¬ c goals. They don’t know how to communicate exactly what results they’re

Does Business Have Any Social Responsibility - 1538 Words

The topic I choose was â€Å"Does business have any social responsibility (over and above turning a profit) and if it does what should such a responsibility amount to?†. I feel as though profits are a huge part of what a business should focus on, it should not be the only thing. I learned in one of my business classes that a corporation acts as a fictitious person. It bears the responsibility of any all decisions, good and bad. The benefit of a corporation versus sole proprietorship is that the business takes on the debt, not the sole proprietor. When the corporation goes belly up, the stockholders aren’t going belly up as well. So therefore, the corporation should be socially responsible, just as a person should be. Corporate responsibility has been a hot topic issue this year partially due to the election. It is among the favorite topics of politicians and public interest groups. Congress often offers tax breaks to companies that incorporate social responsibility into their mission. Almost all colleges teach a class of some form of social responsibility in a corporate world. In 1992, a formation of 51 companies created Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) (Business for Social Responsibility, n.d.). One company that has been with BSR from the beginning is Ben Jerry’s Ice Cream. Ben Cohen was featured in the inaugural event. Everyone knows that Ben Jerry’s has been a leader in the social responsible corporation arena for a long time. They promote GMOShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Social Responsibility1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe pattern of social responsibility will be demonstrated in this paper by noting a couple inquiries encompassing the thought and routine of social responsibility. The paper will start with characterizing the idea of social responsibility and noting the accompanying inquiries: What does Cohen feel is the social responsibility of a business to its workers, stakeholders, and society as a whole? How does this perspective align with that of Drucker? How does Cohen’s opinion compare with that of FriedmanRe ad MoreSocial Responsibilities And Moral Character Of Business1175 Words   |  5 Pages Social Responsibilities and Moral Character of Business Milton Friedman was a 20th century American economist who advocated free-market capitalism. In 1970 he submitted an editorial article entitled â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits† to the New York Times. In the article, Friedman argues that in free market systems it is nonsensical to make corporate entities adhere to â€Å"social responsibilities of business† pushed by activists, as corporations are artificial in natureRead MoreEssay on managerial ehics1410 Words   |  6 PagesComplete Discussion Questions 3, 4, and 5 on page 27 of Business and Society. 3. Identify and explain the major factors in the social environment that create an atmosphere in which business criticism takes place and prospers. How are the factors related to one another? Has the revolution of rising expectations run its course? Or is it still a vital reality? Affluence refers to the level of wealth, and standard of living of the society. As the standard of living is increasing every year, peopleRead MoreSocial Responsibility Of A Business1444 Words   |  6 Pagesareas of business and nonprofit management. However, Cohen’s article on social responsibility drew a lot attention from other scholars like Friedman. In view of this, this paper will discuss and define the concept of social responsibility of a business to its workers, stakeholders, and society; how the perspectives align with that of Drucker; comparing Cohen’s opinion with that of Friedman and finally determines which of the two individual’s opinion best aligns with the current business climate promotingRead MoreSocial Responsibility And Triple Bottom Line1674 Words   |  7 Pagesexplaining the statement, plus providing insight to social responsibility and triple bottom line, will help to understand the impact of the statement. In addition, the narrative w ill explore the underlying outcome from social responsibility and triple bottom line, known as wealth redistribution. Breaking It Down A multinational corporation is one that does business in two or more nations around the globe. The statement emphasizes that a global business has to go further than just being socially responsibleRead MoreAre Profits The Only Business Of Business?1523 Words   |  7 PagesAre profits the only Business of Business? What is the corporation’s social responsibility? Many might say the main idea is that a corporation must go further than carrying out their basic function of purely making profits. A corporation must create wealth in ways that avoid under minding society, and instead enrich the society it operates in. The term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† has been deï ¬ ned in numerous ways; from the constricted economic perception of increasing stockholder wealth (FriedmanRead MoreWhat Role Should Management Have Within A Business Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesWhat role should management have within a business regarding social responsibility? Explain. According to Friedman, a manager’s only responsibility is to the shareholders, and not society as a whole (Jennings, 111). We all agree that a manager s primary responsibility is to the company and the shareholders. We feel that the manager’s role is to act as an agent to conduct business in congruence with the goals set by the shareholders and laws of society, effectively making profit for the company.Read MoreThe Concepts of Ethics and Social Responsibility866 Words   |  4 Pagesof ethics and social responsibility, in business, are whatever the company wants them to be. There is no fixed definition, so the company must make its own determination. Schulman (2006) notes that ethics and social responsibility factor into strategy because, like strategy, they cut to the essential core of the organization. Questions like What do we stand for?, What is our purpose?, and What values do we have? are central to both the ethics of the organization and its business. The most basicRead MoreEthics And Values And Ethics872 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics and values are a part of every human being, but not everyone has the same set. The ethics and values that a person may have usually come from their upbringing, religion, and other circumstances they may go through. To be a successful manager, one must know a few things about ethics and values and be socially responsible. The first thing managers need to know is that employees with higher ethics and values most often believe in a higher authority, such as a supreme deity. If in the case ofRead MoreNew Belgium Brewing Essay763 Words   |  4 Pages1. What environmental issues does the new belgium brewing company work to address? How does NBB taken a strategic approach to addressing these issues? Why do you think the company has taken such a strong stance toward sustainability? NBB try to reduce negative impact on environment by using cost-efficient energy-saving alternatives. NBB invests in a wind turbine, making it the first fully wind powered brewery in the United States. NBB has also used a steam condenser that captures and reuses hot

Pleading and Michael Dell Free Essays

Dell Computer Case Questions Please provide a detailed answer to each of the following six questions for the Dell Computer case. 1. What has made Dell Succeed to date? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Pleading and Michael Dell or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is Dell’s position in the industry to date? 3. An August 12, 2002 Business Week article, indicated that by 2007 Dell intended to double revenues to $60 billion. How should Dell go about building the nearly $6 billion annual sales growth needed to achieve that target? 4. What are the implications of your recommendation? How will it affect Dell as a company? 5. If you disagree with Michael Dell’s growth target from Question #3 above, what would your alternative recommendation be? Why? 6. Dell has the following Code of Conduct ? â€Å"How We Win,† Dell’s Code of Conduct, provides general guidance to all team members on how to behave legally and ethically, and in compliance with the letter and spirit of applicable legal requirements, Dell policies and our ethical principles. It serves as a guidebook for living our value of winning with integrity. Our Code of Conduct,  a fundamental component of our culture of integrity here at Dell, has been extensively revised and updated to bring it into alignment with our purpose and values, as well as with our business, brand and people strategies. ? Our reputation as an ethical company and trustworthy business partner is one of our most valuable assets and critical to our success. To safeguard our reputation and our brand, we hold ourselves to standards of ethical behavior that go well beyond legal minimums. Our ethical principles are: ? We are honest. What we say is true and forthcoming — not just technically correct. We are open and transparent in our communications with each other and about our business performance. ? We are trustworthy. Our word is good. We keep our commitments to each other and to our stakeholders. We do the right thing without compromise. We avoid even the appearance of impropriety. ? We treat others with respect. We value their contributions and listen to their point of view. We maintain fairness in all relationships. ? We are courageous. We speak up for what is right. We report wrongdoing when we see it. We use good judgment. We think before we act. We use our purpose, values and ethical principles as decision filters to guide our behavior. ? We are responsible. We accept the consequences of our actions. We admit our mistakes and quickly correct them. We don’t retaliate against those who try to do the right thing by asking questions or raising concerns. However, the reality of Dell’s bu siness conduct does not match up with its rhetoric. As happens all too often, Dell, a large corporation allegedly provided unfair or misleading contractual agreements. Despite this code of conduct the company has faced the following during the time of the case: A California law firm has slapped Dell with a class action lawsuit charging the computer giant with â€Å"systematically deceiving† its customers. The New York Attorney General also filed a suit for the same issues. ? The case centers on the allegation that Dell advertises low prices for its computers, but people who try to purchase a machine at the advertised price find it’s no longer available for that price. Often those customers wind up with another computer, the suit said. One plaintiff is a San Francisco nurse who said she bought a Dell notebook computer listed at $599 along with an $89 printer, but was billed $1,352 for her order. ? Another plaintiff said Dell shipped him products of lower quality than the ones he had ordered from the company’s Web site. The Round Rock, Texas-based PC maker then resisted his efforts to resolve the problem, he said. ? The suit also said that Dell and its lending partner CIT Bank change without notice financing packages promoted as â€Å"easy† and â€Å"preferred,† to include much higher interest rates and hidden charges. The class action challenged the financing practices of Dell, Inc. , Dell Financial Services, L. P. , and CIT Bank for imposing excess finance charges and late fees on consumers. ? The suit alleges that Dell has violated numerous California laws and codes of conduct, including the California Consumer Legal Remedies Act, the California Business and Professions Code and the Unruh Act. ? The New York complaint alleges Dell repeatedly failed to provide timely on-site repair as promised in service contracts and discouraged customers from seeking technical support. The lawsuit claims Dell’s New York customers calling the company’s toll free support number were subjected to long wait times, frequent transfers and disconnections. Question 6. Dell has settled both cases with the two states. If you were Michael Dell, how would you resolve the differences between the Code of Conduct and the actions of Dell? Should Dell stop advertising low priced computers and then try to step up customers to pricier models or additional features dramatically increasing price to the consumer? How to cite Pleading and Michael Dell, Papers

Treating Psychological Trauma and PTSD †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Treating Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Answer: Introduction: The research background focuses on the development of strong emotional responses of people which have resulted from the exhibition of Syonan gallery: War and its legacies at the Former Ford factory. The responses and opinions regarding the events of the exhibition have been provided through social media, which has created a stir among people, some of whom have provided positive responses while the others have stated it as an exhibition that has brought negative impact on people (Bonanno Mancini, 2012). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is the disorders or lack of abilities in individuals that are caused due to the outbreak of World War 2 and its negative impact created in Singapore. The aim of the research is to identify the impact created by Syonan Gallery on the visitors who have been suffering from PTSD (Chatard et al., 2012). To identify the impact of Syonan gallery on the visitors suffering from PTSD To evaluate the approaches considered for determining the positivity and negativity of the Exhibition at Former Ford Factory To assess how war exhibits can promote healing and closure of bad emotions among individuals To recommend necessary measures for preventing distressing behaviours among individuals suffering from PTSD The present research includes an introductory chapter at first that includes the background of research and aim to present how the Syonan Gallery can impact on the visitors suffering from PTSD both positively and negatively (Kearney et al., 2012). Literature review and Hypothesis development The outbreak of World War 2 resulted in the fall of Singapore 75 years back. After all these years, there were many people found suffering from the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. The current exhibition that was held in Singapore created a stir among individuals because the several exhibits and events that were held to honour the individuals who battled for Singapore followed by the Japanese occupation (Lanius et al., 2012). Though this was done deliberately to pay tribute to the individuals, still it created few controversies as well. One of the exhibitions named Syonan Gallery: War and its legacies that were held at the Former Ford Factory created some strong emotional responses from the people both positively as well as negatively. A lot of views and opinions were circulated through the social networks, and because of that, some people believed that the exhibition created distress among visitors who had PTSD and made them remember the events, thereby creating a negative mindset among them (Lyons, Zink Koenen, 2012). The other people believed that the exhibition and various conversations that were managed during the war exhibits could promote healing and even led to the closure of negative emotions and behaviours among them. This might further result in recovering them from the disorder of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and furthermore allow them to forget those war events and make them lead a better and healthy life in the future (O'Neill, 2014). The conversations happened on the social networks after the Syonan Gallery exhibition can not only create long lasting effects on people suffering from PTSD but can also result in affecting the brain functioning of people who do not suffer from PTSD. PTSD can be experienced as a set of non-specific, confusing and distressing symptoms that can result in brain injury at later stages and even deteriorate the proper functioning of the brain of individuals who have been suffering from PTSD. Though the exhibition was held to pay respect and honour the bravery and contribution of the war fighters, still this created a lot of controversies among people as various conversations were made through the social media (Reuven, Liberman Dar, 2014). The general public started sharing their views and opinions regarding the exhibition, and those were both positive and negative responses. It is true that the war exhibits can make the individuals suffering from PTSD remember all those events and suffer from mental issues while the others believed that the war exhibits could make them forget the bad incidents experienced by them during the war. This would allow them to gain a positive mindset as the war exhibits and museums have been managed for paying respect and remember their bravery and contribution to the country during the World War 2 (Wilson, Friedman Lindy, 2012). Hypothesis development H0: The exhibition of Syonan Gallery cannot create any impact on the visitors suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder H1: It is evident that the Syonan Gallery exhibition can spread positive messages to the war survivors suffering from PTSD and pay them respect, which can further ensure them recovering from stressful conditions. As an independent researcher, I will be able to gain a lot of knowledge and information about how the Syonan Gallery exhibition can create a positive impact on the individuals suffering from PTSD and allow them to recover from their stress and negative emotions through the respect and tribute that will be paid to them. The skills that are obtained will further help in conducting the research efficiently and furthermore create ease and convenience to make a valuable contribution to respective academic fields in an effective manner too (Bonanno Mancini, 2012). On the other hand, research approaches refer to positive, interpretive or critical. The positive approach determines the rules that influence behaviours within the society from the scientific perspective. The interpretive approach showed how individuals could identify the societal aspects and respond to the interpretations. The critical approach deals with social reality influenced by conflicts and is often a major source of complexity. The positive approach has been chosen here because it can help the researcher to interpret the world and respond to the interpretations with ease and effectiveness (Liamputtong, 2013). The positivist approach is effective because it relates to the research about the influence of human behaviour by external force, which is the exhibition here. Research Design The exploratory design of research has helped in observing certain areas and make a detailed exploration of the research materials while the explanatory research design has focused on the cause and effect of the research. The descriptive research design is useful for linking the variables properly and fills the gaps for creating a positive impact of the independent variable, i.e., the Syonan gallery exhibition on the individuals suffering from PTSD, which is the dependent variable here (Bryman Bell, 2015). Thus, the descriptive research design has been selected here as the most appropriate research design. The targeted population includes the respondents who have knowledge of the research topic. The sample is selected from the population because all the individuals are not possible to be taken into consideration during the research conduction. The sample size has been chosen as 50 where 40 are the quantitative samples and the remaining 10 are considered as qualitative samples (Bryman, 2015). The probability sampling technique has developed samples based on the probability of fulfilling the criteria for conducting the research and is useful for gaining a particular sample from a huge population. The non-probability sampling, on the other hand, is more flexible and convenient as the researcher can gain better control over the sampling units. There is no random sampling, rather purposive and convenient sampling techniques are done here (Lanius et al., 2012). The purposive sampling technique is done by allowing the respondents to know about the purpose and scope of research while to gather the qualitative samples; the convenient sampling method is more preferable. The managers of Former Ford Factory are considered as qualitative samples. The convenient sampling method has helped to manage interviews with the managers according to their availability from the busy schedule to provide their responses and opinions regarding the research (Bryman, 2015). Thus, the non-probability sampling technique is considered more effective while conducting the research properly. The sample size has been selected as 50 where 40 are quantitative samples, i.e., the people who have been discussing the exhibition on social media and few of the individuals suffering from PTSD while the remaining 10 are qualitative samples and the responses provided by the managers of the factory have been considered as qualitative data (Fowler Jr, 2013). The collection of data includes both qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data are gathered by conducting interviews with the respondents, i.e., the managers who have managed to held the exhibition for commemorating the individuals who have been part of the World War 2. The quantitative data has been gathered by distributing survey questionnaires to people that contained structured questions related to the research topic. The respondents here are the people who have been involved in conversations related to the Syonan Gallery on social media and even the few of the individuals who have been suffering from PTSD (Chatard et al., 2012). Pilot studies were also managed for gathering the opinions of respondents and furthermore manage field works for effectively collecting data. The tools used for analysing the data and information gathered are SPSS tool, Likert Scale and these tools can represent the data and information in the form of graphs and tables for allowing the researcher to understand those with efficiency. The analysis and interpretation of data have also helped in summarising the results properly and determined the cause and effect relationships among the variables too. The patterns of behaviours and relationships along with psychological behaviours have been obtained for conducting the research efficiently with the analysis and interpretation of data as well (Kearney et al., 2012). The ethics have been maintained by ensuring that no data and information that are gathered are used for commercial purposes. These data and information have been used for academics researches only and has been kept secure as well. None of the respondents has been forced to take part in the research as well (Liamputtong, 2013). Few major limitations faced include language barriers, lack of scopes of selecting a larger size of sample and less time provided. Some additional time would have been effective for conducting the research by exploring the various areas that were not covered earlier. Language barriers might result in making individuals face difficulties while exchanging messages and information during the research (Bryman Bell, 2015). Timeline Main activities/ stages Month February Month March Month April Month May Month June Month July Selection of topic Collecting data from secondary sources Constructing the research layout Literature review Development of research Plan Selection of Appropriate Research Techniques Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data which are collected Conclusion Development of Draft Final Work submission References Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D. (2012). Beyond resilience and PTSD: Mapping the heterogeneity of responses to potential trauma.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,4(1), 74. Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Chatard, A., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Selimbegovi?, L., Konan, P. N., Van der Linden, M. (2012). Extent of trauma exposure and PTSD symptom severity as predictors of anxiety-buffer functioning.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,4(1), 47. Fowler Jr, F. J. (2013).Survey research methods. Sage publications. Kearney, D. J., McDermott, K., Malte, C., Martinez, M., Simpson, T. L. (2012). Association of participation in a mindfulness program with measures of PTSD, depression and quality of life in a veteran sample.Journal of clinical psychology,68(1), 101-116. Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., Spiegel, D. (2012). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications.Depression and anxiety,29(8), 701-708. Liamputtong, P. (2013).Qualitative research methods. Lyons, M. I., Zink, T., Koenen, K. C. (2012). Post-traumatic stress disorder.Principles of Psychiatric Genetics, 134. O'Neill, J. (2014). Syonan Shimbun: Singapore's Wartime Newspaper. Reuven, O., Liberman, N., Dar, R. (2014). The effect of physical cleaning on threatened morality in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Clinical Psychological Science,2(2), 224-229. Wilson, J. P., Friedman, M. J., Lindy, J. D. (Eds.). (2012).Treating psychological trauma and PTSD. Guilford Press.

Women in Gangs

Youth gangs have spurred a sharp increase in social problems. The development of female gangs dates back to the 1980s. Family pressure, peer influence, ethnic, and economic decline are some of the forces, which lead to the establishment of the female gangs. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Gangs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Categorically, female gangs fall into three distinct groups depending on the method and motive for establishment. According to criminologists, the gang can be independent, auxiliary, or hybrid. Socially, the gang drives fear in the community due to its involvement in criminal and delinquency activities. The following text expounds on the external/internal forces, which aggravate the establishment of the female gangs and the long-term consequences to the society. Contemporaneous female gang research cites immediate environment as the main aspect contributing to the formation of th e gangs. Poor family background, early child abuse, sympathy, and self-affirmation are some of the motives behind the establishment of the negative social groups. In addition, social stratification also contributes to the formation of the gangs. Some communities sideline families believed to cause social problems like robbery, homicide, and abuse of drugs but eventually the isolation push the young stars to form or join gangs. Sociologists also point at economic hardships and loss of jobs as an aspect that drive young women to engage in criminal activities like robbery for survival. Moreover, illicit trading activities for instance, involving drugs lead to the formation of female gang groups who solely engage in the business. Criminologists categorize the female gang into three groups (Moore and Hagedorn 8). The first group is the independent/autonomous female gang, which engages in criminal activities, hold traditional/initiation rites, practice violence especially to other femal e gangs, form their own leadership strategies and may or not involve men in their activities. Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the group may establish some membership and hybrid rules. The auxiliary female gang is under the leadership of a male group, which directs their activities. Lastly, the hybrid (gender-integrated group) female group involves young stars from all races, gender, and ethnic group. The formation of the aforementioned groups has long-term impacts to both the persons involved and the society. In comparison to the male gangs, the female gangs have nothing to boast about in their antisocial career. According to Moore and Hagedorn imprisonment, drug abuse, early marriage, poor education, and motherhood linger on in the lives of the gang members for a longtime (8). Sex offences like rape that occur to females whose gang forms integration with men remai n undercover. Consequently, the females experience emotional and psychological imbalance, which may force them to indulge in alcohol abuse and hard drugs like cocaine, khat, and marijuana among others. Miller and Decker cite violence/homicides as the short-term effect of females who join/form gangs (120). Therefore, poor health and isolation from the community/society because of involvement in drugs and other social crimes affects the individuals negatively. Although males and females may join forces to form a gang, females experience drastic decline in their health and social lives. Sociologists and criminologists associate female gangs to the immediate environment or family background. Nevertheless, sometimes adolescence, peer pressure, and self-affirmation influence youths to join the gangs. Nevertheless, regardless of the group that the females associate with; the long-term impacts are severe to their physical, social, and personal lives. Finally, sociologists recommend furthe r research into the female gangs, as a social problem, which the society has neglected for a long time. Works Cited Miller, Jody, and Scott Decker. â€Å"Young women and gang violence: gender, streetAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Gangs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Offending and violent victimization in gangs.†Justice quarterly 18.1(2001): 116-140. Moore, Joan, and John Hagedorn. â€Å"Female gangs: A focus on research.†Juvenile justice Bulletin, March 2001. This essay on Women in Gangs was written and submitted by user Ximena Turner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Social and Cultural Framing in America Essay Example

Social and Cultural Framing in America Essay Example Social and Cultural Framing in America Paper Social and Cultural Framing in America Paper Essay Topic: Best Worst American Stories Social and Cultural Framing in America People build a series of mental filters through biological, social, and cultural influences, and they use these filters to make sense of the world. This is called framing. Framing is so effective because it is a mental shortcut, human beings are by nature lazy thinkers, and we don’t like to think too much or too hard. Frames provide people a quick and easy way to process information. Diana Kendall, a sociology professor at Baylor University has studied how mass media has portrayed upper, middle, working, and poverty classes by how they stereotype them in different ways. Rather than providing a meaningful analysis of inequality and showing realistic portrayals of life in various social classes, the media either play class differences for laughs or sweep the issue under the rug so that important distinctions are rendered invisible† (Kendall 330). The media has created the notion that in society the affluent are rewarded and the workin g class and poor are punished. TV shows like The Simple Life, Life of Luxury, and The Fabulous Life show how socio-economic classes are either played-up or minimalized and used for laughs. In a mass-mediated culture such as ours, the media do not simply mirror society; rather, they help to shape it and to create cultural perceptions† (Kendall 331). The media blurs the line between what is real and what is not when it comes to perceptions of economic or social class. Televisions shows, magazines, and newspapers tell us that the only way to move up in the world is to identify yourself with the rich and powerful and to live â€Å"vicariously† through them. My mother watches Entertainment Tonight and reads those tabloid magazines, and I constantly ask her â€Å"Why Mom? Why do you bother reading up on these people that waste their undeserved riches and get married and divorced at least 10 times? † and she just says â€Å"Well I want to know what’s going on in their life, and hear all the gossip†. But WHY?! How does their life affect YOU at all? The media bombards the middle and lower classes with these useless tabloid stories. Diana Kendall explains that â€Å"Viewers feel a sense of intimacy with elites, with whom they have little or no contact with in their daily lives† (Kendall 332). Non-elites over identify with the wealthy, because the media tells us that these upper class people are better than us. In contemporary society, equality does not exist. Although, media audiences can purchase material items that can somehow make you equal to higher class people. Take Paris Hilton, a woman famous for just being born into a wealthy family. She has made millions and millions of dollars by marketing products to her lower class fans so they can get a taste of her life, so they can be â€Å"Just like Paris†. Not stopping at just jewelry, Ms. Hilton has decided to exploit people in even more ways: Calendars, toys, autobiographies, and another book about her dog’s life. But I can’t just pick on Paris Hilton; thousands of celebrities do the exact same thing. These egocentric people will slap their name on anything to encourage unnecessary consumerism among all their fans. The media loves to glorify the material possessions of these celebrities, as if ravenous consumerism can make you happy. People who extensively watch television have an exaggerated sense of how wealthy most Americans are and how they spend their money. Also, since television stimulates consumerist desires, extensive viewing may lead to more spending and less saving. Which makes sense, considering every commercial implies that â€Å"YOU NEED THIS† or â€Å"THIS MAKES YOUR LIFE EASIER†. Most media framing about the wealthiest class is positive, ranging from framing that depicts members of the upper class to be like everyone else, to framing that portrays them as generous, caring individuals. But the most popular type of framing for the wealthy class is called â€Å"emulation framing†. This type of framing suggests that people in all classes should â€Å"reward† themselves with a few of the perks of the wealthy, such as buying Paris Hilton’s jewelry. Many adults who try to live the â€Å"good life† through trying to buy happiness end up in the poor house. When will normal people realize that they do not have the household funds to just go off and spend food or house repair money on frivolities? Many reports are showing that middle and working class people are incurring massive debt because of the reckless spending on big houses, expensive vehicles, and other items that are beyond their budget. There is a stark contrast between the media framing of the upper class to the framing of the lower classes. At best the poor are portrayed as deserving of our sympathy only around the holidays (Thanksgiving, Christmas). Around these times, the poor are depicted as people who are just down on their luck, working class families who work really hard but just can’t catch a break. The worst types of depictions of the poor are stereotypical bums, drug addicts and losers who are poor because they deserve it or because of their bad decisions. â€Å"Episodic Framing† shows some of the problems of the poor, but does not link it to larger societal problems such as limited educational opportunities, high rates of unemployment, and low paying jobs. The media will keep this status quo of depicting rich people as perfect and poor people as something to laugh at or a faceless statistic. If the media industry persists in retaining the same old frames for class, it will behoove each of us readers and viewers to break out of those frames and more thoroughly explore these issues on our own† (Kendall 346). After Hurricane Katrina, some disaster photographs were released with some controversial captions. The two pictures in the article Loot or Find: Fact or Frame? By Cheryl I. Harris and Devon W. Carbado depict two such pictures. They are both of people wading thr ough chest deep water with supplies, although the captions were different. One of them was of a black man carrying Pepsi and a suspicious black bag full of items. The caption said the black man was â€Å"looting†. The other picture showed a white couple wading through water with supplies, and the caption said they were â€Å"finding†. As you can guess, people complained that the captions accompanying the images were racially suggestive. The fact that most of the people who were not allowed to leave the city and were left to fend for themselves were overwhelmingly black made some think that maybe the executive powers did not care about blacks. We all know about Kanye West’s amusing blurt â€Å"George Bush doesn’t care about black people†. Katrina challenged the notion of â€Å"Color Blindness†, that is, that race is not a factor in how we see the world. I believe that race is a huge factor in how some people see the world. I don’t think anyone is 100% colorblind, especially when the media depicts certain races different ways. When many of the black musicians today are portrayed as tough, gritty gangsters, what are you, the viewer supposed to think? When blacks in the media are shown wearing tons of gold jewelry, baggy clothes and carrying guns, what are you going to think when you see a black man with baggy pants and jewelry walking around? I don’t think that everyone who looks that way will act a certain way, but looks are a first impression. Most of the people suffering during Katrina were black and poor, and that raised a lot of questions. Was it â€Å"†¦a case of presidential indifference? Or dislike of, poor black people? Or was it†¦the predictable consequence of a natural disaster that befell a city that just happened to be predominantly black? Was it†¦the result of a culture of dependency combined with local bureaucratic incompetence? Was race a factor in determining who survived and who did not? Or did class provide a better explanation? † (Harris and Carbado 427). The point is that during Katrina, blacks were framed into being looters, criminals, or just uncontrollable rioters. I feel that one can only explain this type of disaster if one was there in the thick of it. The existence of racial frames makes it difficult for people to confront the complex problems of racism and racial prejudices. Immigration. I am very emotionally conflicted about immigration in America today. My father’s side of my family has been in this country for around 90 years, emigrating across the Atlantic from southern Italy. My mother’s side has been here for about 50 years, coming from a French town in New Brunswick. I can imagine how difficult it was to come to a new country that wasn’t fond of foreigners, get a job, a raise a family. It’s still the same now, Mexican immigrants come into the country looking for work in a somewhat hostile environment. I hate that illegal immigrants sneak into this country, and take labor away from Americans. But I’m conflicted because America is a nation of immigrants, and if this land belongs to anyone its definatly not White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, it’s the Native Americans. In the current presidential race, some candidates don’t want immigrants in the country. But it’s usually those same candidates who give tax cuts to the wealthy and couldn’t care less about working class folks or their jobs anyway. The whole terrorism scare with immigrants is a bit tricky. I believe that there could be terrorist cells in this country, but with basically all of these guys being extremist Muslim, how can our police force, with its inefficient and bureaucratic system, go after these bad guys without being criticized for being racist and religiously prejudiced? Things are different in this country today, and we can’t cling to our old xenophobic, materialistic values anymore. How can a nation run on values and principles that were established in 1776? Things change, people change, morals change, and America needs to change or else we will run ourselves into the ground.

Is Present-Day English a creole Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Is Present-Day English a creole - Research Paper Example The developments in the English language that witnessed the advancement of the period had been found in the Middle English realized in the four centuries between 11th and 16th century. The argument in the advancement of the English language had been placed that the entity developed from the manipulation of pidgin. The argument had been placed that the language had witnessed manipulation and inclusion of creolisation to realize the changes in the language. The progression had been witnessed in the language as it transformed from the Old English to Middle English. These terms had been applied to suggest the advancements that had existed in the language and the definitions accorded, as various events brought transformation witnessed and inclusion of Creole effect on English. The result saw the inclusion of variable verbs and sentence structure that had resembled the influence from a foreign entity that had prompted the suggestion of Creole. To articulate the steps that had been involved in the transformation, there needs to be an analysis of the changes that were realized in the Old English system as it advanced to Middle English. The argument is placed to link Creole to English and the connection shared in the history of the English language. ... The changes that had been introduced in the English language had been more prominent during the Middle Ages. The resemblance of Old English of the AD 1000 period had resembled the ancient Germanic languages. Furthermore, the language had been noted to fail to meet the intelligent expectation of the speakers as compared to the Middle English established during AD 1400. The transformation within the language had been advanced in varied measures that had been developed in colonization by both Scandinavian group and Normans. The presentation would lead to the inclusion of the effects of the Anglo-Norman within the spoken English vocabulary as presented in the modern society. The Scandinavians, on the other hand, contributed to the witnessed simplicity of the vocabulary in the language that had been profoundly influenced by the Anglo-Norman origin. These changes had been on a limited platform and failed to spread to South West England that saw advancement of Old English into a recognized literal language. The Normans had invaded in 1066, a development that saw the enhancement of the literal English from the influence in London. The leading societal institutions adopted the trend to include the technical aspect in the language that had been influenced tremendously by the Old Norman system. The Renaissance adopted the provision to develop the language based on the desire to incorporate aspects within the development as had been with the other leading languages. The development saw advancement of the English vocabulary that had relied on other languages to achieve the noticed developments. This had been witnessed in the inclusion of Norman and French to present the platform and source to derive foreign vocabulary. Proto-English The group recognized as the

What is the importance of the United States Constitution Essay - 1

What is the importance of the United States Constitution - Essay Example The constitution defines the country’s law framework and also to maintain law and order of the United States. It addresses the importance of different states integration in a uniform platform of legal paradigms. This constitution establishes the legal authority foundation in respect to the governance of the United States, citizens’ individual contributions and also the federal government’s framework. The United States constitution offers organizational framework to the government which clearly defines the Supreme Court as the government’s head of the judicial branch. The draft defines the president as the government’s executive department’s head and also defines the bicameral congress governance as the government branch in the legislator Conclusively, the key function of the United States constitution is to offer a directional sense to the three organizational branches of the United States government. It defines the combined and individual strengths and powers of each. It also reserves each state’s rights. The constitution outlines the purpose of the duties and civil liberties, government accountability and the jury trials. The preambles outline the functions of the union, the purpose for the common defense line and ensure American community’s general welfare among

American History: The 1960s

American History: The 1960s Looking back through the annals of history, the 1960s stands out as a highly important decade in American History. During this decade, the United States was rocked by political scandal in the form of the Bay of Pigs incident and widespread terror and fear in the form of the Cuban Missile Crisis that followed in its wake. In addition, the African-American Civil Rights Movement hit its stride, becoming one of the most powerful and most frequently covered events in the media as African-Americans spoke out and protested against the racial inequalities and segregation that they had been forced to endure for so long. This was also a decade of great loss, and many prominent figureheads, such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and John and Robert Kennedy in the Modern Civil Rights Movement were the targets of assassin s bullets and taken from this world. The 1960s was a tumultuous but undeniably important decade in American history and is easily one of the most important times in the development of our nation. The Bay of Pigs invasion was an attempt made by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on behalf of the United States government to lead trained Cuban exiles in a plan to invade Cuba and overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. This plan was a colossal failure on the part of the United States government which led to public embarrassment for the United States on the global stage. Relations between the two governments had already been quite strained after Fidel Castro came into power in 1959 but the Bay of Pigs incident strained relations between the two nations to their breaking point. In retrospect, it is amazing that the Bay of Pigs invasion was given approval by the President but some historical scholars have likened this problem to a lack of proper communication between the office of the President and the CIA. The Cuban Missile Crisis was an international incident that occurred when United States military intelligence discovered the existence of several nuclear missiles in various spots throughout Cuba that had apparently been supplied by the Soviet Union. The United States immediately began to try to convince Cuba to disarm and dispose of the missiles. This led to a period of short-lived but widespread fear that Cuba was prepared to launch these missiles at the United States and of a possible invasion. Faced with the wide range of overt political and economic maneuvers against the Castro regime, it was not unreasonable for Cuban and Soviet leaders to be concerned in 1962 over intensified U.S. hostile action against Cuba, including the possibility of an invasion (Steinberg). Once the missiles were discovered, the United States was in a very difficult political position in that it must be decided to either take offensive action against Cuba or do something less proactive while still achieving the same goal of Cuba s disarmament and disposal of the missiles. The only way in which domestic politics have been generally thought to have affected the U.S.s behavior was by providing a generalized incitement to the Kennedy administration to do something about Cuba and the Soviet missiles (McKeown). At this point, there was immense pressure on the President to act which resulted in what is considered to be poor decision making. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a very important event in American history to look back and reflect upon not only because of the event itself but because of the impact it had on American politics as a whole. This is the closest the United States has ever come to thermonuclear war and resulted in numerous changes to American foreign policy and other relations with foreign nations. In the 1960s, the modern Civil Rights Movement hit its stride in which several prominent figures rose into the spotlight and several nonviolent protests were acted out to secure the basic civil rights that African-Americans had been denied for so long. Led by many prominent and well respected leaders, these rights were hard won and required a great deal of effort from the African-American community as a whole. One of the earliest and most prominent protests of the 1960s was undertaken by African Americans taking rides on interstate busses heading into southern states, where the buses had yet to be integrated. The Montgomery Bus Boycott of the 1950s likely laid much of the groundwork needed for these Freedom Rides to be organized and carried out. Most of these rides were sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and were instrumental in integrating and de-segregating both seating on the busses themselves and the interstate bus terminals. These rides were highly dangerous for African-Americans at the time and many of the residents of those southern states did not take well to blacks attempting to circumvent the Jim Crow Laws which were the norm of southern states at the time. Despite being backed by recent federal rulings that it was unconstitutional to segregate bus riders, the Freedom Riders met with obstinate resistance as in Birmingham and Montgomery, where white supremacists attacked bus depots themselves (Gross). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are widely regarded as two of the most prominent African-American figures during the Modern Civil Rights Movement but, as prominent as the two men were; their views on how the Civil Rights Movement should be carried out were vastly dissimilar. Dr. King was very outspoken in his fight against the injustices suffered at the hands of African-Americans at the time but despite the violence that African-Americans were typically met with in their protests, he asserted a policy of nonviolent resistance. In his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, King asserts that Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored (King). This speaks to his position of advocacy of nonviolent resistance that sends a powerful and unavoidable message. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter from Birmingham Jail is widely considered to be one of the single most important pieces of protest literature to be written during the modern Civil Rights Movement and one of Dr. King s biggest achievements. In this letter, Dr. King reasserted his stance on the use of nonviolent means of protest as the means of advancing the interests of the African-American people while appealing to his fellow members of the Alabama clergy. This letter was instrumental in the fight towards black civil rights and is widely regarded to be one of the most important pieces of such writing in history. Malcolm X on the other hand preached a very different policy in regards to the methodology that should be used by African-Americans in securing their civil rights. In his By Any Means Necessary speech, he asserts that We declare our right on this earth to be a man, to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence by any means necessary (Malcolm X). In saying this, Malcolm X is clearly asserting that African-Americans should fight for their rights and attain them at all costs, even if they must resort to violence. He also asserts during a speech at the Ford Auditorium. So I dont believe in violence thats why I want to stop it. And you cant stop it with love, not love of those things down there, no. So, we only mean vigorous action in self-defense and that vigorous action we feel were justified in initiating by any means necessary (Ali). During the mid and late 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement lost two of its most prominent figures. In 1965, Malcolm X, who had until then been a very outspoken figurehead of Black Nationalism, was assassinated in New York City as he was trying to deliver a speech. Malcolm X was largely considered to be a political and ideological leader of the Civil Rights Movement and his death was one that greatly impacted the movement. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s assassination occurred much later in the decade, on April 4, 1968. While standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, Dr. King was fatally shot. News of his assassination led to rioting in dozens of cities across America. However, the outcome of his assassination could largely be attributed as marking the end of the modern Civil Rights Movement. The United States government was essentially forced into abolishing the segregationist policies that existed at the time. The assassinations of these two individuals both had different effects on the modern Civil Rights Movement as a whole. The assassination of Malcolm X led to a different sort of impact on the Civil Rights Movement. Due to Malcolm X s highly publicized departure from the Nation of Islam, his assassination was largely attributed to members of the Nation of Islam, creating tension between black Islamic and Muslim groups. In addition, two other prominent figures in the fight for African-American civil rights were assassinated as well, and these two people were both brothers, John and Robert Kennedy. John F. Kennedy hadn t been a very vocal civil rights activist in his time as President and preceding his death but despite that, he was instrumental in passing key civil rights legislation and took a stand against racial segregation in many instances. For example, when former Alabama Governor George Wallace stood in front of the University of Alabama doors, barring two black students from registering for classes, President Kennedy intervened. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach called President Kennedy and alerted him to what Wallace was doing; President Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard to help with the crisis. Ultimately, Wallace stepped aside and the two students were allowed to register for classes (Elliott). Robert Kennedy was a very outspoken figure in the fight for African-American civil rights and spoke publicly against segregationist policies and the racism that permeated many aspects of American culture and institutions. Robert Kennedy was a prime candidate for election in the 1968 Presidential election and built much of his campaign on the platform of African-American Civil Rights and believed that the foundations of American integrity should be based on equality for all American citizens. On April 4, 1968, after he had learned of Dr. King s assassination, Robert Kennedy delivered an impromptu speech in Indianapolis, Indiana which is largely said to be a prime contributor to the fact that, despite the riots that had broken out in dozens of cities across America when news of Dr. King s death spread, Indianapolis remained calm in the wake of such news. Unfortunately, on June 6, 1968, Robert Kennedy was assassinated by a man named Sirhan Sirhan. It is clear that the 1960s has had a great impact on American society and culture as a whole. From the United States teetering on the brink of nuclear war with both Cuba and the Soviet Union as a result of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in the Cuban Missile Crisis to the massive growth and successes of the Modern Civil Rights Movement to the loss of such key public figures that arose out of and around that movement, there were massive shifts in American politics. This was indeed a very tumultuous time in American history but it was also a time of great sociocultural and political growth for the United States and is unquestionably one of the most important decades in our history and study of this decade is highly important to further growth and prosperity. Journalism: Then and now Journalism: Then and now Is the divide between the British Tabloid and the serious, quality press narrowing? If so why? There are many debates concerned about the state of British newspapers today. Most recently, traditional news values have seen to become more reformed and revolutionized. The dominance of celebrity and social news, the blurring of the boundary between news and reality shows and other popular culture; and the advent of citizen journalism may all suggest that the nature of news and news values are evolving; and that traditional models of the news process are now only partially relevant. Replaced, are new sorts of values called the tabloid news values. Tabloid news values, in the press, are a question of both the angle and interpretive framework of the journalist. (Colin Sparks, 2000) News wins over that appeal to broad sectors of the public, scandals, crime, sports and pop culture will be given very high priority relative to items about politics and public affairs (Sparks, 2000). Equally, the stories will be highly personified and they will impart sensations and emotions. The presence of the tabloid news values in the British papers today is due to several factors such as advertisements and media ownership; which results a hierarchy in the profession involved in the making of newspapers journalism. However, it can be argued that the divide between tabloid newspapers and broadsheets are/are not narrowing, considering the dramatically changed features they include. In this assignment, I aim to distinguish if broadsheets are looking similarly like tabloids and if the quality press is focusing only on public interests. I intend to use relevant examples to assist my points of arguments, besides using academic sources which will finalize my findings towards this topic. It has been said that Broadsheets newspapers went through a process labelled tabloidization. Tabloidization is the term used to express tabloid style papers. It is, as stated by Pete du Pont a shift by the media away from government and foreign affairs to a more entertainment-style of journalism that focuses on lifestyle, celebrity, entertainment and crime/scandal (du Pont, 1998). Ken Sanes (1997) in his article, The News Medias Effort to Hide from Significant Truth (Transparency website) identifies a possible argument which explains the cause of tabloidization. He states that the people who own the newspapers are responsible for the happening of this process. du Pont agrees with Sanes and claims that owners of the newspapers themselves are primarily to blame and that he sees this as the corporate ownership theory. (du Pont, 1998) The newspapers are owned by well-known people such as Rupert Murdock, Scott Trust, Tony OReilly and it is thought that the news journalists follow orders t hat are sent directly from these owners in order to shape the news (du Pont, 1998) accordingly. The result is a news media, which manipulates informationto push the political agendas (du Pont, 1998) of the newspapers. The problem lies in the fact that the agendas of these newspapers are based on marketing themselves and their products, or more simply put on money. Covering up the news that may be detrimental to the economic health and/or reputation of the company (Sanes, 1997) can also be seen a part of this marketing. This is where tabloidization is seen to come in play. In order for the owners to push their own interests or to draw the attention away from the news that may prove to disadvantage them, the newspapers have created a news media that concentrates on attracting audiences through stories about sex, scandal and Hollywood (Pete du Pont, 1998). In 1995 the editor of the Guardian invented the word broadloid to describe a broadsheet newspaper with a tabloid editorial approach. (Peak and Fisher cited in Bromley, 1998). Bob Franklin (1997) determines to prove that both tabloid and broadsheet newspapers are impossible to differentiates and thus compares them to achieve his hypothesis. Franklin found that Broadsheets have degraded by the significant tabloid values they introduced to their paper. He defines a broadsheet as a large format newspaper, written and distributed for a national audience on the basis of a national news agenda. Franklin also believes that Broadsheet news values traditionally favour a mix of politics-plus-diplomacy-plus-war with sport on the back page; broadsheets aim at in-depth and comprehensive coverage; and are written using moderate and emotionally controlled language (assumedly) typical of the middle classes. Broadsheets tend to lead on the issue, or the substantive consequences, of a story rather than first-hand human interest approach more typical of tabloids; they tend to be print heavy rather than the more pictorial tabloids; and are less inclined to use more ethically dubious reporting practices, such as doorstepping or paying sources for stories. (Franklin, 1997) His statement reflects an appreciated view on Broadsheet newspapers as he claims that it is valuable newspaper which, by far, determines a persons status in society. Through his argument, it can be said that he does not accept the reason that Broadsheets would possibly merge into tabloids-style papers. Further, Colin Sparks (2000) believes that newspapers carry responsibilities towards the public interest. Their responsibilities are primarily to warn and protect the public. They are held through the media, where economy and political information are published to the public. The quality press provides this kind of information in abundance. (Sparks, 2000) This is crucial to Sparks that newspapers use this strategy, as the public are expected to exercise informed choices about how, and by whom, their society is being governed.(Sparks, 2000) In other words, Sparks informs us that it is crucial that the public discover the norms and values of their society. The media portrays this to them in order to help them live a less complex lifestyle, with an easier decision to make when following, perhaps economic and/or political ideas. On the other hand, Franklin believes that the quality press has transformed into the popular press through the four ways he states. First, broadsheets now contain less news, especially foreign news, parliamentary news and investigative stories, preferring photographs to these expensive reporting formats. Second, views have increasingly replaced news, with broadsheets choosing to fill the pages emptied of international and investigative reporting with engaging opinion from columnists. Third, he suggests that broadsheets are increasingly allocating a high news priority to stories which until recently would have been dismissed and disdained as merely tabloid stories. Fourth, broadsheets are increasingly likely to include many editorial features which previously were the exclusive preserve of the tabloids (Franklin, 1997). To conclude the meanings of Franklins ideas, he is clearly stating that quality papers do focus on public interest but carry no political or foreign news as they switched to tabloids formats. Through his claim, it can be said that he sees Broadsheets as virtually tabloid paper. Richard Addis, the former Daily Express editor suggests broadsheets are a master class in daily journalism delivered in a thoroughly post-modern or post-ironic way (Addis, cited from the Guardian, 2008). Dominic Ponsford, editor of Press Gazette agrees with Addis and comments that broadsheets are a tidy, spacey, pacey and coherent package a paper positioned upmarket from the tabloids (Ponsford, cited from the Guardian, 2008). Broadsheets tended to have better written articles; with much less scandal and gossip, much less sensational headlines and people depended upon them for getting their quota of what could now be called serious news. However, when talking of tabloids newspaper; the term tabloid refers both to a specific type of newspaper, and to a specific paper size. Newspapers introduced the term when they started halving the broadsheet size. News tabloids are originally presented highly compressed and compacted news, as opposed to the more detailed and lengthy news in broadsheets. Tabloid newspapers were best known for a lower type of journalism that dealt with sleaze, corruption, sex scandals, celebrity gossip and sports. Nevertheless, the lines between the types of newspapers have blurred. Anthony Sampson, a member of the Scott Trust who owns the Guardian said: the frontier between qualities and popular papers has virtually disappeared (Bromley, 1998) Furthermore, Ian Connell follows to argue both Franklin and Sparks views. He declares that Broadsheets have not dumbed down. Connell says Franklins study was not a complete comparison between the poplar and the quality press. The misrepresentations have arisen, I think, because neither has compared like with like.(Connell, 1998) Connells quote shows he has a different perspective and interpretation into the debate of tabloidization. Connell compares both papers to see if Franklins views are somewhat arguably acceptable. He believes that there are substantial amounts of quality news in both broadsheets and tabloids (Connell, 1998) This quote is a directly opposing Franklins idea that international news has, yet, disappeared in the quality press. Connell also argues that Sparks ideology to tabloid papers, it that they reject any sort of international news. However, in his study, Connell claims that tabloids have much public interest stories and that some international news, still virtu ally exist. The Financial Times and the Economist. Together they contributed 36.4% of the international items. (Connell, 1998) Connell may agree with Franklin about sensational and gossipy news which appears in tabloids but does not see this present in broadsheets. Following to this, Connell states that broadsheets are not becoming broadloids and disagrees with Franklin as oppose to his argument that more broadsheet items were published without illustration, as broadsheets have began to use more pictures (Franklin, 1998) His statement here contradicts what he later claims that politics was the most frequently occurring main topic in the UK press. (Franklin, 1998) As known, broadsheets contain more political and foreign news while tabloids tend to mention politics through human interest stories. Connells observations explain that a traditional content is carried by broadsheets, yet they may use tabloid style to twist those traditionally written articles. In contrast, Franklin declares that the style and formats of broadsheets are changing (Franklin, 1998) but he appears to note only on the use of tabloid style language in the headlines of the quality papers. A comparison in the change of some British newspapers may help to conclude wither broadsheet have become broadloid. Martin Conboy states that newspapers which use the tabloid size but do not use its language, such asThe Independent and The Timesdemonstrate that it is the language which is more important in the make-up of a tabloid than the format itself. (Conboy, 2006) However Sanes defences and believes that tabloids have not come close to providing the range of material now regularly offered by the broadsheets. (Sanes, 1997) In 2003 The Independent started concurrent production of both broadsheet and tabloid compact editions, carrying exactly the same content. This paper is seen the most colourful paper among the other broadsheets. Articles include international and political news, but a great quantity of human interest subjects are varied in the news section. However, there is often some clearly identical language and format to tabloid style, with the use of pictures, pun headline and speech bubbles, which all indicate a tabloid style paper. The Sunday Times did likewise, but with less apparent success, with readers vocally opposing the change (Sanes, 1997). The format is big in size but the inside includes many adverts, which is seen to be the great values of a tabloid. They contain illustrations and big attractive picture nearly in every page but do not include much of the human interest topics. Yet most of the human interest stories and celebrity gossip are seen to be found in the news review, which makes this paper, indeed, broadloid. When the Independent launched its new tabloid format, it was a shock for the Guardians creative team, renowned for its strong design ethos and forward-thinking approach. Plans for its own reformat were thought about intensively. Wed always been the British paper that took design most seriously, claims Mark Porter, the Guardians creative director. Weve always had a reputation for that and I suppose we always liked to think we were the most innovative British paper. The Guardian had regained its laurels. Within two years, it was back on top with a new design and format: the Berliner format à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ midway size paper between a broadsheet and a tabloid. As the pressure to follow the crowd increased, Mark Porter spent a long period of time experimenting with a tabloid Guardian, but it soon became clear that it wasnt possible to convert a broadsheet newspaper to tabloid without radically changing both the journalism and the design. The idea that you could was absurd, he says. It wasnt going to be that straightforward and the editor, in particular, was very concerned that if we went down that route we would be forced, even if we didnt want to, to change the journalism and the way we presented the stories. Harcup and ONeil (2001) suggest that celebrity has become a major factor in determining whether a news story is selected for inclusion in a newspaper, and thus is the result of defining if a broadsheet becomes broadloid. They also conclude that The UK press seems obsessed with celebrities such as TV soap stars, sports stars, film stars, and, of course, royalty, (Harcup and ONeil, 2001) which may well predict the upcoming future of broadsheets. However, Porter was looking to create a newspaper where the pictures worked just as hard as the text, offering an alternative way for time-pressed readers to engage with the paper. The main motivation cited for the shifts in the analyzed papers above are that owners use human interest topics and illustrations to make the paper appealing to the readers, (Sanes, 1997) The Independent only needs to transform the language in order to become a tabloid paper. Conboy would probably disagree because the language shows a distant style to tabloids. Bromley believes that owners bring in tabloid values to the quality to attract more readers (Bromley, 1998). I would disagree as there are still people who carry more interest to broadsheets than tabloids. However, since the transformation of many broadsheet newspapers occurred, it gave the readers the choice which content they desired to read. (Sanes, 1997) It is presumably hoped that many readers will find the smaller formats of a tabloid, more convenient, in fact it remains to be seen how this shake-up will affect the usage of the term broadsheet' (Sanes, 1997). Newspapers, however, have always used free subscription trials and other promotions, with advertising platforms such as new or expanded feature sections, and with better home and newsstand distribution in order to sell a successful paper. However, struggling publishers often seek the quickest method to cut costs and increase circulation without harming ad revenues (McLahlan and Golding, 2000) Many in Britain see their salvation in changing formats; they believe that switching to a more compact one, such as the tabloid format, may lift circulation by attracting disaffected newspaper readers. Several important broadsheets across Britain have recently converted themselves into tabloids (du Pont, 1998) and the format have proved popular in the year following the transformation. Advertisements are necessary in the production of newspapers. The popular press, it is conventionally reckoned that only 20 percent of revenues come from advertisingthe quality press, on the other hand, receives 60 percent of its revenues from advertising. (Sparks, 2001) Advertising agencies give broadsheets their money as they believe the popular press target the working class, (Sparks, 2001). This is the only strategy they could possibly use with tabloids as it enables them to advertise in certain papers to target their specific customers. On the other hand, the quality papers aim at the middle and upper class. As a result, their pages include highly paid advertising products. In other words, if selling luxury goods, advertisers will pay much more to get to people who can afford high profile adverts. Alternatively, if selling ringtones, advertisers will not pay as much as they aim at vast readership. Notably, they follow this process as the middle/upper class people are able to afford those high-priced advertising products. Conversely, Spark argues that poorer readers are excluded from having niche newspapers aimed at them, unlike richer people. He follows to explain that democratic inequality based on income (Sparks, 2001) is the reason for the major barrier between the quality papers; as the tabloids do not carry the power of press freedom. It can be said that corporate ownership have played a role in the process of tabloidization and thus involved bifurcation in newspapers. When it comes down to it, the underlying goal of any corporation is to make profits. That is the nature of the business world. Marketing has become a large part of the news. Also what underlies this argument was the deregulation of television in the 1980s. Robin Anderson (1995) states: Before deregulation, corporate speculators did not purchase stations solely for the purpose of commodity trading. After deregulation, however, speculators who had no interest or experience in the media bought and sold stations simply to make a profit. Corporate investors would often cut corners to make a profit by cutting news departments, and giving into advertiser demands (Anderson, 1995). Deregulation here is what allowed the corporations to purchase the T.V. networks. This makes it a major contributor to tabloidization, even if it was an indirect one. In fact, not just in T.V networks does this happen but newspaper proprietors were also accused of treating their titles as business properties with a social purpose'. (Greenslade cited in Bromley). Bromley believes the problem with broadloid is from magazines. Magazines began to pursue an editorial mix of sex, celebrity and sleaze in a far more aggressive way.(Bromley, 1998) Market competition, advertisements and ownership are affecting the state of the media. There is a clear sign that broadloid is taking place. The format may be reducing to one of a tabloid but the contents majority contains hard news. However, it is seen that money is making owners revalue the public interest. In conclusion to my analysis above, it can be notified that broadsheets have not seen to dramatically change as Franklin argues, conversely, it merely depends on the readers to the type of news they choose to read. Arguably, there is, yet a division between the tabloid and broadsheet newspapers, but this division lies under the use of language and format; the papers chose to present. Whether tabloidization started all the above arguments, or vice versa, it is a question that we may never know the answer to. Perhaps, finding the answer to it may be the key to finding the true answer to what caused tabloidization. Whether we know where it came from or not, the fact that tabloidization is here; still remains and it appears to compete and challenge the success on British newspapers.

History Of Pop Music Essay

The term â€Å"pop song† is first recorded as being used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of music â€Å"having popular appeal†. Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. Pop is short for popular, and it’s remained the defining term for the ever-changing music favoured by the public. Although not specifically applied until the middle of the 20th century, pop music as such can be traced by a few decades before that. Things changed with the advent of recording, early in the 20th century. With that, music had the chance to be much more widely disseminated. Records, played at 78 rpm on wind-up gramophones, were relatively cheap. In America, that led to a breed of professional songwriters in New York who wrote pieces intended to be recorded and sell well – Tin Pan Alley. They were largely hacks, but did produce some beautiful material. The first major pop stars as such were the crooners of the 1930s and ’40s. Bing Crosby sold millions of records, as did Frank Sinatra (arguably the first modern pop star, with screaming teenage female fans – the bobbysoxers), and in Britain, Al Bowly. Curiously, pop music charts as such didn’t exist until 1952, when the first Top Twenty was recorded. It came at an interesting time, as â€Å"teenagers† really came into being. Historically there’d been no transitional period between childhood and adulthood. Now, after World War II, that seemed to begin, imported from America, and in skiffle, an interpretation of American folk music (personified by Lonnie Donegan), teens found their music. Rock’n’roll brought much more of that, and Elvis Presley became a global star, the biggest of the late 1950s and early 1960s. But he would find himself supplanted by the Beatles, who revolutionised pop by writing their own material, instigating a fashion that remains undiminished. The Beatles set the standard for pop music, and it remains undiminished – Beatlesque has become a standard descriptive adjective. From 1962 until their break up in 1970 they dominated the charts in Britain and America. The Beatles influenced a generation – more than one, really – with their melodies and harmonies, and that was apparent in the 1970s, when pop careened through several styles, from the Glam Rock of T.  Rex to the raw fire of punk. But the biggest pop star to emerge from the period was a singer and pianist, Elton John, whose popularity has remained constant. The idea of artists writing their own material remained in the wake of the Fab Four, although professional songwriters stayed in demand for those unable to pen a tune. From the early days of rock there had been â€Å"manufactured† stars – people taken on board for a pretty face rather than any innate talent, and made into stars by producers. It had happened to Adam Faith, Alvin Stardust and many others, most of whom only enjoyed short careers. The 1980s proved a moribund decade for pop. Styles came and went, but it was an era short on memorable music. Only Wham! (and later George Michael) emerged as true pop stars. The 1990s was the time of boy bands, perhaps the ultimate in manufactured acts. A group of young male singers was assembled for their looks, given catchy songs and arrangements and pushed to fame. It happened to East 17 and, most memorably, Take That. America saw how it worked and gave the world the Backstreet Boys and ‘N Sync, and for a few years it worked very well, selling millions of records. But like any fashion, it passed. A female version, the Spice Girls, was briefly huge. Notably, the only ones to come out of this and sustain a solo career was Robbie Williams from Take That and Justin Timberlake from ‘N Sync. America tried a similar tactic with female pop stars, and both Mariah Carey and Britney Spears became massive manufactured stars, followed, to a lesser degree, by Christina Aguilera.

Course Note on Organizational Behaviour Essay

DEFINITION OF ORGANISATION According to Gary Johns, â€Å"Organisations are social inventions for accomplishing goals through group efforts†. This definition covers wide variety-of groups such as businesses, schools, hospitals, fraternal groups, religious bodies, government agencies and so on. There are three significant aspects in the above definition, which require further analysis. They are as follows: Social Inventions: The word â€Å"social† as a derivative of society basically means gathering of people. It is the people that primarily make up an organisation. Accomplishing Goals: All organisations have reasons for their existence. These reasons are the goals towards which all organisational efforts are directed. While the primary goal .of any commercial organisation is to make money for its owners, this goal is inter-related with many other goals. Accordingly, any organisational goal must integrate in itself the personal goals of all individuals associated with the organisation. Group Effort: People, both as members of the society at large and as a part of an organisation interact with each other and are inter-dependent. Individuals in themselves have physical and intellectual limitations and these limitations can only be overcome by group efforts. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Organisational behaviour is concerned with people’s thoughts, feelings, emotions and actions in setting up a work. Understanding an individual behaviour is in itself a challenge, but understanding group behaviour in an organisational environment is a monumental managerial task. As Nadler and Tushman put it, â€Å"Understanding one individual’s behaviour is challenging in and of itself; understanding a group that is made up of different individuals and comprehending the many relationships among those individuals is even more complex. Ultimately, the organisation’s work gets done through people, individually or collectively, on their, own or in collaboration with technology. Therefore, the management of organisational behaviour is central to the management task—a task that involves the capacity to â€Å"understand† the behaviour patterns of individuals, groups and organisations, to †predict'† what behavioural responses will be elicited by  various managerial actions and finally to use this understanding and these predictions to achieve â€Å"control†. Organisational behaviour can then be defined as: â€Å"The study of human behaviour in organisational settings, the interface between human behaviour and the organisational context, and the organisation itself.† The above definition has three parts—the individual behaviour, the organisation and the (interface between the two. Each individual brings to an organisation a unique set of beliefs, values, attitudes and other personal characteristics and these characteristics of all individuals must interact with each other in order to create organisational settings. The organisational behaviour is specifically concerned with work-related behaviour, which takes place in organisations. In addition to understanding; the on-going behavioural processes involved, in ‘their own jobs, managers must understand the basic human element of their work. Organisational behaviour offers three major ways of understanding this context; people as organisations, people as resources and people as people. Above all, organisations are people; and without people there would be no organisations. Thus, if managers are to understand the organisations in which they work, they must first understand the people who make up the organisations. As resources, people are one of the organisation’s most valuable assets. People create the organisation, guide and direct its course, and vitalise and revitalise it. People make the decisions, solve the problems, and answer the questions. As managers increasingly recognise the value of potential contributions by their employees, it will become more and more important for managers and employees to grasp the complexities of organisational behaviour. Finally, there is people as people – an argument derived from the simple notion of humanistic management. People spend a large part of their lives in; organisational settings, mostly as employees. They have a right to  expect something in return beyond wages and benefits. They have a right to expect satisfaction and to learn new skills. An understanding of organisational behaviour can help the manager better appreciate the variety of individual needs and’ expectations. Organisational behaviour is concerned with the characteristics and behaviours of employees in isolation; the characteristics and processes that are part of the organisation itself; ‘and the characteristics and behaviours directly resulting from people with their individual needs and motivations working within the structure of the organisation. One cannot understand an individual’s behaviour completely without learning something about that individual’s organisation. Similarly, he cannot understand how the organisation operates without; studying the people who-make it up. Thus, the organisation influences and is influenced by individuals. ELEMENTS OF ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR The key elements in the organisational behaviour are people,, structure, technology and the environment in which the organisation operates. People: People make up the internal and social system of the organisation. They consist of individuals and groups. The groups may be big or small; formal or informal; official or unofficial. Groups are dynamic and they work in the organisation to achieve their objectives. Structure: Structure defines the formal relationships of the people in organisations. Different people in the organisation are performing different type of jobs and they need to be (elated in some structural way so that their work can be effectively co-ordinated. Technology: Technology such as machines and work processes provide the resources with which people work and affects the tasks that they perform. The technology used has a significant influence on working relationships. It allows people to do more and work better but it also restricts’ people in various ways. Environment: All organisations operate within an external environment. It is the part of a larger system that contains many other elements such as government, family and other organisations. All of these mutually influence each other in a complex system that creates a context for a group of people. NATURE OF ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Each individual brings to an organisation a unique set of personal characteristics, experiences from other organisation, the environment surrounding the organisation and1 they also possess a personal background. In considering the people working in an organisation, organisational behaviour must look at the unique perspective that each individual brings to the work setting. But individuals do not work in isolation. They come in contact with other individuals and the organisation in a variety of ways. Points of contact include managers, co-workers, formal policies and procedures of the organisation, and various changes implemented by the organisation. Over time, the individual, too, changes, as a function of both the personal experiences and the organisation. The organisation is also affected by the presence and eventual absence of the individual. Clearly, the study of organisational behaviour must consider the ways in which the individual and the organisation interact. An organisation, characteristically, exists before a particular person joins it and continues to exist after he leaves it. Thus, the organisation itself represents a crucial third perspective from which to view organisational behaviour. NEED FOR STUDYING ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR The rules of work are different from the rules of play. The uniqueness of rules and the environment of organisations forces managers to study organisational behaviour in order to learn about normal and abnormal ranges of behaviour. More specifically, organisational behaviour serves three purposes: What causes behaviour? Why particular antecedents cause behaviour? Which antecedents of behaviour can be controlled directly and which are beyond control? A more specific and formal course in organisational behaviour helps an individual to develop more refined and workable sets of assumption that is directly relevant to his work interactions. Organisational behaviour helps in predicting human behaviour in the organisational setting by drawing a clear distinction between individual behaviour and group behaviour. Organisational behaviour does not provide solutions to all complex and different behaviour puzzles of organisations. It is only the intelligent judgement of the manager in dealing with a specific issue that can try to solve the problem. Organisational behaviour only assists in making judgements that are derived from tenable assumptions; judgement that takes into account the important variables underlying the situation; judgement that are assigned due recognition to the complexity of individual or group behaviour; judgement that explicitly takes into account the managers own goals, motives, hang-ups, blind spots and weaknesses. IMPORTANCE OF ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Organisational behaviour offers several ideas to management as to how human factor should be properly emphasised to achieve organisational objectives. Barnard has observed that an organisation is a conscious interaction of two or more people. This suggests that since an organisation is Ihe interaction of persons, they should be given adequate importance in managing the organisation. Organisational behaviour provides opportunity to management to analyse human behaviour and prescribe means for shaping it to a particular direction. Understanding Human Behaviour Organisational behaviour provides under ­standing the human behaviour in all directions in which the human beings interact. Thus, organisational behaviour can be understood at the individual level, interpersonal level, group level and inter-group level. Organisational behaviour helps to analyse ‘why’ and ‘how’ an individual behaves in a particular way. Human behaviour is a complex phenomenon and is affected by a large number of factors including the psychological, social and cultural implications. Organisational behaviour integrates these factors  to provide* simplicity in understanding the human behaviour. Interpersonal Level: Human behaviour can be understood at the level of interpersonal interaction. Organisational behaviour provides †¢ means for understanding the interpersonal relationships in an organisation. Analysis of reciprocal relationships, role analysis and transactional analysis are some of the common methods, which provide such understanding. Group Level: Though people interpret anything at their individual level, they are often modified by group pressures, which then become a force in shaping human behaviour, Thus, individuals should be studied in groups also.. Research in group dynamics has contributed vitally to organisational behaviour and shows how a group behaves in its norms, cohesion, goals, procedures, communication pattern and leadership. These research results are advancing managerial knowledge of understanding group behaviour, which is very important for organisational morale and productivity. Inter-group Level: The organisation is made up of many groups that develop complex relationships to build their process and substance. Understanding the effect of group relationships is important for managers in today’s organisation. Inter-group relationship may be in the form of co-operation or competition.