Physics of Paper Airplanes :: Physics Science Planes Plane Airplane

Paper Airplanes, flight at its simplest for humans. As kids, we learned how to build paper airplanes and propel them soaring into the sky. We didnt stop to think about why the airplanes where able to fly after the initial thrust we gave them or how they were able to glide for so unyielding afterwards. Ignorance was bliss then, unless now we strive to understand how things work. Looking back to the childhood past time of flying paper airplanes, I will exertion to explain some of the parts that operate paper airplanes fly. First off, it should be stated that there are many different designs of paper airplanes and that different designs could imply the physics applied to it. If one paper airplane used a second set of wings or had a tail like a real airplane, those items would have more physics applied to them like extra hang back. Up, Up and Away So your paper airplane takes to the air and glides gentely to the ground but you still dont understand how it is able to glide. Your pa per airplane uses cram to carry it through the air and to its landing area. Now you are interested and want to spot how facelift works. The lift for your paper airplane doesnt work quite the same as a real airplane but understanding how an airplane maintains lift is useful. Now something important to remember is that lift can only happen when in the pressense of a moving fluid and that air has fluid properties.The basic concepts of lift for an airplane is seen. The air that is flowing splits to move around a wing. The air that that moves over the wing speeds up creating lower stuff which means that the higher pressure from the air moving slower under the wing pushes up trying to equalize the pressure. The lift generated can be affected by the angle at which the wing is moving into the flowing air. The more surface area of the wing resisting against the flow of air can either generate lift or make the plane dive. This can be easily simulated in everday life. Next time you are rid ing in a car with someone split your hand out the window. Have your fingers pointing in the direction of the motion of the vehicle. Now move your hand up and down slightly. You can feel the lift and drag that your hand creates.

Twelfth Night Essay: The Necessity of Cross-dressing -- Twelfth Night

The Necessity of Cross-dressing Twelfth Night The figure oution of Twelfth Night begins shortly after a damaging tempest shipwrecks the heroine, casting her upon unknown shores. Upon arrival in this strange seaport, Viola--like the Princess Leonide--dons male disguise which facilitates both employment and time enough to orient herself in this unfamiliar territory. Violas transvestism functions as model(a) of the antic nature of Illyrian society. As contemporary feminist and Shakespearean scholars are quick to point out, cross-dressing foregrounds not only the concept of role playing and consequently the constructed or performative nature of gender but also the machinations of power. Viola can only make her way in this alien land if she assumes the trappings--and with these garments the--privileges of masculinity. Her doublet and hose act as her passport and provide her with a livelihood, a love interest, and friendship (just as Leonides breeches allow her passage into Hermocr ates garden). Violas male masquerade also calls economic aid to the more general theme of masking. As Cesario, Viola suggests that things are not always as they incurm, that identities are protean, that self-deception rivals self-knowledge and that only Time can unmake complicated knots. Coppelia Kahn points out that the cross-dressing in Twelfth... ... Critical Interpretations, ed. Harold Bloom (New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987) 43. For further discussion on renaissance gender performance and identity politics among Shakespeares cross-dressed heroines, see Michael Shapiros Gender in Play on the Shakespearean Stage Boy Heroines and Female Pages (Ann Arbor The University of MIchigan Press, 1994). 6- Elliot Krieger, Malvolio and Class Ideology in Twelfth Night, redbrick Critical Interpretation, ed. Harold Bloom (New York Chelsea HousePublishers, 1987) 24. 7- J.M. Lothian and T.W. Craik, In troduction, The Arden Shakespeare Twelfth Night , ed. Lothian and Craik (New Yor k Routledge, 1991) lvi.

African American Hate Crimes in Gwendolyn Brook’s Poetry Essay

The murder of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri , the murder of a black teen for playing loud music in Florida, the Little Rock integration and all other forms of abuse or hate crimes through against African Americans will always be engraved in our history and in the hearts of all African Americans as a period of injustice. It was a common tragedy to lose a family member to one of the many riots assembled by the Ku Klux Klan or simply by a group of Caucasians determined to reverse niggers. Many were able to see how detrimental hate crimes were through media. African Americans who owned magazines, newspapers and so forth were finally able to voice their opinions and tell their fount of the story to balance out the usually biased media run by Caucasians. As a result of the exposed cruelty towards African Americans, blacks felt justified, any(prenominal) whites became enraged, and yet other whites began to feel guilty for devaluing the lives of African Americans. Brookss ballad A B ronzeville Mother Loiters in Mississippi. Meanwhile, a Mississippi Mother destroy Bacon illuminates the hate crime committed against a young African American boy and the guilt that consumes the speaker after she realizes her involvement caused his death. Brookss rime acts as a metaphor to convey how America (during the period of injustice) attempted to overlook the truth of the immoral crimes committed against African Americas, but as a result of publicized brutality, realized they were wrong. Background information regarding the death of Emmett Till will allow the reader to better understand how Brooks uses the ballad as a metaphor to represent Americas attempt to overlook the immoral acts committed against African Americans. According to The Murder of Emmett Till, an article addressing Emmett Tills death and the media coverage on it, Tills death was a prank gone wrong. After picking cotton with his cousins all day, Till and his cousins took a joy chew up with the family car to Bryants Grocery store where his cousins dared him to talk Carolyn Bryant (Brian). What happened as he was leaving is fiercely debated. Some white witnesses claimed he either said, Bye, baby, or whistled at her, while others say that she became enraged after he simply put his change in the womans hand. Emmett Tills alleged fresh behavior blossom forth like wildf... ...acism seen in closed-minded individuals through Brookss use of fairy tale language and the depiction of the husband. Likewise, America is made up of both types of individuals, and through the use of publicized media, we can only hope to increase the knowledge of the senseless violence we known as hate crimes. After knowledge Brooks ballad one can only hope that Emmett Till and other victims of hate crimes will act as a reminder and provide an magnetic inclination of hope that another tragic death will not follow. Works Cited Brooks, Gwendolyn. A Bronzeville Mother Loiters in Mississippi. While Mississippi Mother Bu rns Bacon. Selected Poems. stark naked York Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006. Print. Favat, F. Andr.. Child and Tale The origins of Interest. Urbana, Ill. National Council of Teachers of English, c1977. Print. Mootry, Maria K. Brooks a bronzeville aim loiters in Mississippi. Meanwhile, a Mississippi mother burns bacon. Explicator 42.4 (1984) p51, 2p Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 July 2011. Thorton, Brian. The Murder of Emmett Till. Journalism History 36.2 (2010) p396-104, 9p Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 July 2011.

Regulating The Internet: Whos In Charge :: essays research papers

Regulating The Internet Whos In ChargeThe internet was started by the armament in the late forties, and has sincegrown to an incredibly large and complex web, which will no doubt effect all ofus in the years to come. The contract has recently taken it upon themselves toeducate the public to the dark side of this web, a network which should beveiwed as a tremendous resource of information and entertainment. Instead, dueto this negative image, more and more people are shying away from the internet,afraid of what they may find there. We must find a way to regulate what is there, nurse ourselves from what is unregulatable, and educate the general populaceon how to use this tremendous tool."The reality exists that governance of global networks offers majorchallenges to the user, providers, and policy makers to define their boundariesand their system of govenment" (Harassim, p84)The intemet is a root word of networks, linked together, which is capable oftransmitting vast amou nts of information from one network to another. Theinternet knows no boundaries and is not located in any single country. The capability the internet has of shaping our world in the future is inconceivable.But with all its potential the internet is surrounded by headways of its usage.The intemet was named the global village by McLuhan and Fiore in 1968, butrecently the internet has been more properly renamed the global urban center.Robert Fortner defines the internet as a place where people from all differentcultures and backgrounds come together to share ideas and information."Communication in a metropolis also reflects the ethnic, racial, and sexualinequalities that exist generally in the society. (Fortner, p25)When a person enters into a global metropolis to engage in communicationthey do not know who they will interact with nor do they know what informationthat they may come across. Which brings an important question to mind. If thisis a community, a global metropolis, sh ould it not be governed to protect themembers of the community? But more importantly, can a community that knows noboundaries and belongs to no country, be regulated? And who can or shouldregulate it?With the vast amounts of information transmitted through network to network,with some information remaining at sites temporarily or disappearing withinseconds, how can one regulate it? In a meeting of the Senate Select Committee onCommunity Standards in Australia, iiNet, an Australian intemet provider,presented facts on how much information passes through their server daily."Our own network sees over 200,000 items of email between individuals every

Civil Liberties Essay -- Government Politics USA Essays

Civil LibertiesAfter September 11, 2001, in the get together States of America, many aspects of our daily lives receive changed. unrivaled notable change has been the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Many bills atomic number 18 being drafted to ensure the safety of the United States. We, as Americans, are going to have to sacrifice many of our courtly liberties due to this tragic steadyt. There are many good reasons why these bills are being drafted, but there are also negative effects such as the loss of civil rights. One particular bill being drafted is the USA patriot Act. The USA PATRIOT Act puts the CIA back in the furrow of spying on Americans. It permits a vast array of information gathering on U.S. citizens from financial transactions, school records, internet activity, telephone conversations, information gleaned from grand jury proceedings and felonious investigations to be shared with the CIA (and other non-law enforcement officials) even if it pe rtains to Americans. Most importantly, the information would be shared without a court order.While there is a need to shut down the financial resources used to further acts of terrorism, this legislation goes beyond its stated goal of combating multinational terrorism and instead reaches into innocent customers personal financial transactions. If the USA PATRIOT Act becomes a law, financial institutions would monitor daily financial transactions even more closely and be required to share information with other federal agencies, including foreign intelligence agencies such as the CIA. Section 358 requires that, in appurtenance to law enforcement, intelligence agencies would also receive suspicious activity reports. These reports are usually about wholly domestic transactions of people in the United States, and do not relate to foreign intelligence information. In addition, Section 358 would allow law enforcement and intelligence agencies to get easy access to individual character reports in secret. There would be no judicial review and no notice to the person to whom the records relate. Through these provisions, the CIA would be put back in the business of spying on Americans, and law enforcement and intelligence agencies would have a range of personal financial information without ever showing good cause as to why such information is relevant to a particular investigation. Since September 11, Federal, state, and... ... at odds. Law enforcement authorities already have great leeway under(a) current law to investigate suspects in terrorist attacks including broad authority to monitor telephone and Internet communications. In fact, under current law, judges have spurned only three federal or state criminal wiretap requests in the last decade. This is a country that understands that people have fundamental God-given rights and liberties and our political sympathies is constituted to protect those rights. We cannot in our efforts to bring justice diminish those liberties, said Sen. George Allen, R-Va., in a statement responding to the terrorist attacks. Clearly this is not a simple, normal criminal case. This is an act of war, and those rules of warfare may apply. But here at home and domestically, we need to make sure that were not tempted to abrogate any civil rights such as habeas corpus, protections against unreasonable searches and seizures, the freedom of expression and peaceable assembly, or freedom of religion.Sources Cited1. www.aclu.org, The American Civil Liberties Union, 20012. www.corpwatch.org, CorpWatch, 2001 3. www.msnbc.com, MSNBC Terms and Conditions, 2001

teh rechartering of the national bank by Andrew Jackson :: essays research papers

The Rechartering of the National BankIn 1832, a alteration note for the United States Bank came up to the President, Andrew capital of Mississippi. He ostraciseed this bill for the Bank, and in the administer that he included with the veto stated that he knew that this would be an issue, and that good deal would not like it. He told in this address every(prenominal) of the clear and obvious reasons why he vetoed against the trust.First, Andrew Jackson, aimed towards all of the strict constructionists, brought up the point that the establishment of a national lingo is not in the Constitution, and therefore there is no reason why we should be able to use it. President Jackson in like manner said how the national bank is rebellious of the rights of the states, and dangerous to the liberties of the people. Jackson could see that the bank was a monopoly, and the danger that this could bring. He said how the bank is candidature primarily by 25 people, 20 of which are elected by the bank stock holders, the other five are elected by the bank officials themselves, who in the long run can keep reelecting themselves, and corruption is bound to follow. The main point that President Jackson made in his address for the veto was that too much of the money in the U.S. Bank was from foreign countries. When private stockholders from other countries dont pay their debts, it hurts the U.S. economy, but even worsened whence that is the foreign business that the bank does creates an incredible amount of foreign dividend that the U.S. citizens have to pay for, in their taxes. The President says that the banking system should be entirely American all of the stockholders in the United States Banking system should consist of U.teh rechartering of the national bank by Andrew Jackson essays research papers The Rechartering of the National BankIn 1832, a Renewal Bill for the United States Bank came up to the President, Andrew Jackson. He vetoed this bill for the Bank, and i n the address that he included with the veto stated that he knew that this would be an issue, and that people would not like it. He told in this address all of the clear and obvious reasons why he vetoed against the bank.First, Andrew Jackson, aimed towards all of the strict constructionists, brought up the point that the formation of a national bank is not in the Constitution, and therefore there is no reason why we should be able to use it. President Jackson also said how the national bank is rebellious of the rights of the states, and dangerous to the liberties of the people. Jackson could see that the bank was a monopoly, and the danger that this could bring. He said how the bank is run primarily by 25 people, 20 of which are elected by the bank stock holders, the other five are elected by the bank officials themselves, who in the long run can keep reelecting themselves, and corruption is bound to follow. The main point that President Jackson made in his address for the veto was that too much of the money in the U.S. Bank was from foreign countries. When private stockholders from other countries dont pay their debts, it hurts the U.S. economy, but even worse then that is the foreign business that the bank does creates an incredible amount of foreign dividend that the U.S. citizens have to pay for, in their taxes. The President says that the banking system should be entirely American all of the stockholders in the United States Banking system should consist of U.

Carbon Credits to Control Emissions

The concept of carbon credits came into existence as a result of increasing awareness of the need for dogmatic arcs. The mechanism was formalized in the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement between more than 170 countries. The Protocol agreed has fixed quotas on the maximum amount of glasshouse gases which bed be evanesceted by the developed and developing countries. In turn these countries set quotas on the emissions of installations run by local business and other organizations. intense of fossil fuels is a major source of industrial greenhouse gas emissions, especially for power, cement, steel, textile, fertilizer and many other industries which rely on fossil fuels (coal, electricity derived from coal, natural gas and oil). The major greenhouse gases emitted by these industries are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) etc. , all of which increase the atmospheres ability to set up infrared energy and thus affect the climate.Each such busin ess has been fixed with specified number of units, otherwise called allowance of credits, upto which can emit carbon dioxide or other equivalent greenhouse gas. Operators that have not used up their quotas can sell their unused allowances as Carbon Credits, time businesses that are about to exceed their quotas can buy the extra allowances as credits, privately or on the open market.By permitting allowances to be bought and sold, an operator can seek out the most cost-effective way of reducing its emissions, either by investing in cleaner machinery and practices or by purchasing emissions from another(prenominal) operator who already has excess capacity. Banks can use the opportunity for financing machinery for protecting emissions, or for green projects which get certificates for their projects and sell to the companies which exceed their quota of emission and are ready to buy the certificates.

Is Proof Needed in Order for God to Exist

Is Proof Needed in Order for beau ideal to Exist At some acid in life e truly person whitethorn fountainhead the come come onlastence of god. This could happen for a number of reasons. For example when we see bad things that occur some the reality we may lose our cartel or wonder why does god allow these things to happen? As humans we all have a natural instinct to find answers to things that we ourselves toilettenot explain or understand. Philosophers have spent a great amount of time trying to prove or evaluate the lastence of god, just now do we really need certainty that god exist?This is a tough question to answer because in that respect ar masses that would say yes and mint that would say no. I myself have never questioned the domain of god due to the fact that I feel like the deduction of his humans is all around us. In this paper I will discuss the twain sides of this debut and which side makes the close valid argument for my face-to-face beliefs. When you ask someone why they swear in something around likely it is because they have facts or some type of evidence as to why they believe what they do. If I say my dog bites and show you my arm with bite marks therefore you are more(prenominal) likely to believe that my statement is true.The same thoughts can be applied to the way some masses believe and do not believe in god. Some people believe because they have faith in the bible and that something more powerful than any other force had to create all the living things on acres. Others believe that everything in that is on earth could have evolved through science and therefore no(prenominal) of the creations on earth are proof that god exist, these people are often referred to as atheist. When people think well-nigh an atheist they usually think that they worship the devil or are into some type of satanic worship, but this is not the case.Simply gravel atheists just do not believe in god and they believe that science played a part in the creation of the world and the things on it. The issue is why do we need proof that god exist and what type of proof is needed to prove his existence? Many people, including Christians, wonder what proof is there that God exist. Is there really any concrete evidence to prove that an all-powerful creator exists? Or are we all being blind by our faith and believing in something that may or may not be real, just so that we have hope that life is reform after death. It is unstated to imagine something that has always xisted, because as human all we know is life and death. To understand something that never began and will never end is hard to wrap our brains around that concept. If a person oppose the possibility of there being a God, then any evidence presented can be rationalized or explained away. It is like if someone refuses to believe that people have seen ghost or spirits, then no amount of information is going to change their thinking. There are photographs of gho st and spirits, personal interviews from people who have encountered these beings, and even special equipment that can pick up various activities from these beings.Although this may be enough evidence for most people to some all this evidence would be worthless, because the person has already concluded that ghost or spirits do not exist. Of course numerous have tried to prove Gods existence with rational arguments. Aquinas, Abelard, Anselm, Pascal, and Paley are a few that have attempted this. These salutees are of limited helpfulness, for though we can approach God with our reason and detect Him in nature, he cannot be fully grasped in this way. More importantly, these logical proofs for Gods existence miss the point.What is the point? In my experience, most of those who doubt or deny Gods existence do not do so because of firmly held philosophical convictions. They do so because of personal disappointment with God. Furthermore, Im suggesting that many a(prenominal) of those who now perceive themselves as doubting or denying God for philosophical reasons, got where they are because they became personally disillusioned with God sometime in the past. To answer the question, Does God Exist? , a number of studies, articles, and research papers have been written.Two arguments that best attempt to prove the existence of God are the ontological argument by St. Anselm, and the cosmological argument by St. Thomas Aquinas. The second out of the five arguments provided in the cosmological argument is based on experience and cost-efficient cause. The efficient cause makes something happen, i. e. cause and effect, and this are the premises for his argument. Aquinas argues that nothing in this world can originate on its own, and must(prenominal) have a starting-class honours degree cause to create an intermediate cause, to create an ultimate cause and effect.Infinity makes it impossible to have a inaugural efficient cause, but if there is no first cause, there woul d be no intermediate cause, and we would not exist. In the ontological argument, St Anselm provides an argument that is based on logic. In order to understand his argument you must first admit that, if there is a God, he is that than which nothing greater can be look atd. This is the premise for his argument. Without this premises his argument would fail. It must be hold to, because it is a true statement. You do not have to believe in God in order to agree to these Premises.In agreeing to these first premises, St Anselm forces you to admit that God does exist in human beings because his premises support his conclusion. St. Anselms Theory is that if God is that which nothing greater can be conceived, the idea of God must exist, if only in the mind. To exist in reality is greater than existing in the mind. Therefore God, being that which nothing greater can be conceived must exist in reality. All his premises support his conclusion, creating a valid and sound argument proving that God must exist. St.Anselms first form of the argument is that God is that than which none greater can be conceived. This means that no one can think of anything that is greater than God. The second idea is, it is greater to exist than not to exist. Next, St. Anselm describes two kinds of existence existence in the mind, and existence in real. Existence in the reality is very easy to believe, if you can touch, see, smell, hear, or taste something, in reality it exists. Existence in mind is harder to understand for some, because many people only believe what they see. Finally, St. Anselm defined God as the greatest being possible.A being who fails to exist is less perfect than a being that exist. Therefore, God must exist, necessarily. If the greatest thing that we can conceive does not exist than we can still conceive the greatest thing that does exist, and that would be God. Philosophers, whether they are atheists, or believers have always been eager to discuss the existence of God . Some philosophers, such as St Anselm, and Rene Descartes, that formulated the ontological arguments attempt to prove Gods existence, believe that we have proven that God exist through our senses, logic, and experiences. Ontological literally means talking slightly being and so in this case, that being is the existence or being of God. Ontological arguments all have ways to prove the existence of God. This argument is very important for religious believers, but has come under criticism from those who do not believe because they say that it is flawed. Immanuel Kant feels that we will never have the answer to this question due to our human limitations, and reason. Every painting has a painter and for every book there is a writer. The same can be said about the creation of our world.Our world could not have just created itself. Thomas Aquinas, a Catholic Dominican monk, more clearly proves this point with the First Cause argument. In this argument he says that there is a cause for ev erything but there cannot be an infinite amount of causes. There could only be a first, the intermediate, and then the last cause. This argument is very true and if God did not exist as the uncaused first cause then nothing else would make sense. The first and second premise is true because based on experience things are made or moved and things dont just appear out of thin air.The third premise is also true because at some point in time something had to be put in motion and there cannot just be an endless stream of causes. If God was taken out of the causes then we wouldnt exist here today. Many still argue that uncomplete one of these arguments prove Gods existence, because it is impossible for our reason to accept them. In Soren Kierkegaards argument, Faith, not Logic is The Basis of Belief he argues that it is impossible to prove Gods existence because it is beyond our reason as human beings to do so.Kierkegaard classifies the word God under the word unknown. It is impossible f or reason to know the unknown, so it is impossible to know, or prove God exists. Kierkegaard also claims that reason on its own does not attempt to prove God exists, he claims that it would be foolish to do so. It would be foolish to do so because reason is from existence, not towards it. Therefore if God does not exist, it would be impossible to prove he does, and if God does exist, because of our worldly limitations, it would be impossible to justify it as truth.Kierkegaard claims that the only way to argue Gods existence would be to assume Gods existence before creating the argument. In having faith, you have knowledge on what God should be like in order to fill the Gap of the unknown with ideas about God. Having Faith would make reason understand God. Doubt exists in the believer and the non-believer because it is beyond our reason to determine the truth of Gods existence. The Big Bang Theory generally refers to the idea that the universe has expanded from a hot and chummy cond ition at some time in the past, and continues to expand to this day.My question is what put it there? Time could have not decided to one day say, I think Im going to create life in a thing called a universe. And magically particles come out of nowhere, more and more build up until its screaming hot, and then BANG Time begins and so does everything as we know it today. Something had to place it there. Something had to have planned out the whole process. Everything is too complex and precise to not have been created by an intelligent being. From beginning to present time billions of people from all around the world have believed and been convinced in the existence of a god.There are various forms of evidence displaying the belief of a god throughout history including biblical carvings, elegant creations, religious and political conflicts, traditions, architect and the creation of the bible itself. Could one say with any sense of confidence that the shared concept of the beliefs and actions of so many people living in different times with different realities be mistaken? It is extraordinary how despite the many different languages, customs, cultures, values, and lifestyles, the belief in God or a higher power is one of the few things that can unify all people.This is strong evidence contributing to mine and many others faith in the existence of God. The existence of god is something that has puzzled millions of people around the world. It tears families apart, and brings some together. There are a lot of arguments supporting the existence of god, but just as many denying the fact that he or it exists. Agnosticism is something that many people go by because it allows your mind to explore and assist you in deciding whether or not a deity exists. You need to find the answers within yourself because only you can determine what truth and reality is.Not all questions may be answered, but it will allow you to form a true and concise belief. You cannot depend on someon e or something else to satisfy your questions. You only have a go at it once and must search for the knowledge you desire. Some people are destined to succeed, and others are determined to succeed. If you seek the truth, you will find it. Logan, I. (2007). Whatever Happened to Kants Ontological Argument?. Philosophy & Phenomenological Research, 74(2), 346-363. doi10. 1111/j. 1933-1592. 2007. 00021. x McCarthy-Jones, S. (2011).Seeing the unseen, hearing the unsaid hallucinations, psychology and St Thomas Aquinas. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(4), 353-369. doi10. 1080/13674671003745870 Mikolajczak, M. (2004). Is there proof for the existence of God?. National Catholic Reporter, 40(43), 5a Morse, D. R. (2011, October). Gods Existence Proof. Journal of Spirituality & Paranormal Studies. p. 181. Schumacher, L. (2011). THE LOST LEGACY OF ANSELMS ARGUMENT RE-THINKING THE PURPOSE OF PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. Modern Theology, 27(1), 87-101. doi10. 1111/j. 1468-0025. 2010. 016 56. x

Logical Positivism Essay

Also realizen as consistent empiricism, rational empiricism or neo- positiveness, luculent logical incontrovertibleness is the name compensaten in 1931 by A.E Blumberg and Herbert Feigl to a set of philosophical ideas put forward by the capital of Austria disseminate. This Vienna Circle was a group of early twentieth coke philosophers who sought to re-conceptualize empiricism by means of their interpretation of then recent advances in the physical and starchy comprehensions. Hence, the Vienna Circle represented a radical anti-metaphysical stance which held the observe that an empiricist criterion for meaning and a logicist conception of mathematics could prove the meatyness of financial dictations (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy). uninflected positivism is the inform of thought that gets to introduce the methodology and precision of mathematics and the natural science into the field of philosophical system.The movement, which began in the early twentieth cent ury, was the fountainhead of the forward-looking trend that considers ism an uninflectedal, rather than a speculative inquiry (Passmore). As a school of philosophy, logical positivism combines positivism with a version of apriorism , that is, the view that holds that some pro spatial relations discount be held true without empirical support (Wikipedia Encyclopaedia). According to the Oxford Companion to Philosophy, the movements doctrine is centred on the principle of verifiability. This holds the nonion that individual(a) sentences gain their meaning by some specification of the actual steps we take for determine their truth or falsity. In essence, logical positivism seeks to verify the meaning in statements through empirical observations.Historical Background of coherent PositivismThe position of the original logical positivists was a blend of the positivism of Ernst Mach with the logical concepts of Gottleb Frege and Bertrand Russell. But, their inspiration was derived fro m the writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein and G.E Moore. According to Passmore, in his article arranged Positivism, the logical positivists thought of themselves as continue a nineteenth century Viennese empirical tradition, closely linked with British empiricism and culminating in the anti-metaphysical scientifically oriented teaching of Ernst Mach.He further pointed out that in 1907 the mathematician Hans Hahn, the economist and sociologist Otto Neurath and the physicist Phillip Frank, all of whom were later to be prominent members of the Vienna Circle, came together as an informal group to discuss the philosophy of science. In addition, Passmore posited that they did this in hope that they could give an account of science to the importance of mathematics, logic and theoretical physics without abandoning Machs planetary doctrine that science is, fundamentally, the description of experience (par. 2). Subsequently, they adopted views from the new positivism of Poincare and coupled i t with Machs views in an strain to anticipate the main themes in logical positivism (par. 2).Logical Positivists view of Traditional PhilosophyThe philosophical position of logical positivism in its original form was the outcome of the profoundly incisive influences of Wittgenstein and Moore (Runes 359). Logical positivists were concerned about the soundness of metaphysics and otherwise traditional philosophy. They maintain that many philosophical problems were indeed meaningless. Hence, they decided to abandon the traditional approach to philosophy and attempted to persuade people to utilise their approach instead. One of the boss tenets of logical positivism was that the supposed propositions of metaphysics, ethics and epistemology were not verifiable and so were not strictly meaningful.1 Furthermore, Carnap, of the Vienna Circle, corroborated this view in his work The adept of Science, when he stated that we give no answer to philosophical questions and instead reject all p hilosophical questions, whether Metaphysics, Ethics or Epistemology (qtd. in the Stanford encyclopedia of Philosophy).Therefore, the purpose of the logical positivists was not to renovate the principles of traditional philosophy but to destroy them. Metaphysics was rejected on the grounds that its assertions were meaningless since they could not be substantiate in experience. Thus, statements about the existence of God were discarded as pointless because they could not be affirm. Notably, whereas earlier critics of metaphysics such as Kant and Hume had rejected the claims of metaphysics as a form of theoretical knowledge, the logical positivists took over from Wittgensteins Tractatus the rejection of metaphysics as meaningless. Furthermore, the logical positivists argued that the propositions of metaphysics were neither true nor false but could be regarded as pseudo-statements (Logical Positivism 61).Metaphysics was not the only traditional discipline that the logical positivists were concerned about. Likewise, epistemology faced harsh criticisms from them. On one hand, the neo-Kantians saw epistemology as the propaedeutic to metaphysics and all other philosophical disciplines (Oxford Companion to Philosophy 647). They maintained that philosophy could be reduced to epistemology in which a topic like the reality of the external world was discussed. On the other hand, for the logical positivists, epistemology was disregarded as a signifi mucklet branch of philosophy because they thought that there was no way of verifying the assertions postulated by epistemology. They argued that this branch of philosophy was quite meaningless like assertions about the Absolute.2They held this position because for them there was no way of empirically verifying that an external world exists which is independent of the world we know now, as such those statements were ignored. other tenet of traditional philosophy that the logical positivists disagreed with was ethics. Certainl y, they all rejected any variety of transcendental ethics and any attempt to set up a realm of values over and above the world of experience. Passmore stated that, Assertions about values gum olibanum conceived, fall within the general province of transcendental metaphysics and had therefore been rejected as nonsensical.But while Schlick sought to free ethics from its metaphysical elements by converting it into a naturalistic speculation along quasi-utilitarian lines, Carnap and Ayer argued that what are ordinarily taken to be ethical assertions are not assertions at all. For example to say that stealing is wrong, is neither, they suggested, to make an empirical statement about stealing nor to relate stealing to some transcendental realm. Stealing is wrong would either express our feelings about stealing, our feelings of disapproval, or, alternatively (this was where the logical positivist opinions differed), it is an attempt to dissuade others from stealing. In either facial exp ression, stealing is wrong conveys no information. (par. 17)In addition to the above mentioned concepts, logical positivists excessively posited the idea that propositions of logic and mathematics were meaningful but their truth was discovered, not by experiment or observation, but by analysis. Also, for logical positivism the business of philosophy was not to engage in metaphysics or other attempted assertions about what is the case but rather to engage in analysis. Furthermore, the only genuine propositions were those that are verifiable (Brown et al 218). Basically, the logical positivists emphasis was on logic and manner of speaking. Logical positivists preferred that, instead of accepting traditional philosophy, philosophers should subscribe to the doctrine of cheque.Doctrine of VerificationCentral to the movements doctrines was the principle of verifiability, often called the verification principle that is the notion that individual sentences gain their meaning by some spec ification of the actual steps we take for determining their truth or falsity.3 According to logical positivism, there are only two sources of knowledge logical reasoning and empirical experience. The former is analytic a priori, while the latter is synthetic a posteriori hence synthetic a priori knowledge does not exist (Murzi 7). For logical positivists, the meaning of a statement lies in the method of its verification. This means that a statement has meaning if, and only if, it is verifiable (Bochenski, 57). Verifiable, in this sense, means that the statement is derived from knowing the conditions under which it is true or false. If the statement cannot be proven true or false it is disregarded as meaningless.Carnap emphasized in Logical Positivism that only meaningful sentences were dissociable into (theoretically) fruitful and sterile, true and false propositions (61). In essence, a sequence of words is meaningless if it does not, within a specified language, constitute a state ment. Ayer also defined, explained, and argued for the verification principle of logical positivism. Ayer expressed, in his book Logical Positivism, the view that sentences (statements or propositions) are meaningful if they can be assessed either by an appeal instantly or indirectly to some fundamental form of sense-experience or by an appeal to the meaning of a word and the grammatical structure that constitute them. In the former case, sentences are said to be synthetically true or false in the latter, analytically true or false. Once the sentences under interrogative sentence fail to meet the verifiability test, they are labelled meaningless.Therefore statements about metaphysical, religious, aesthetic, and ethical claims are considered insignificant. For the logical positivists, based on the verification principle, an ethical claim would fall in meaning only in so far as it professed something empirical. For example, if part of what is meant by X is good is roughly I like i t, then X is good is false. The primary meaning of such sentences is emotive or evocative. Thus, for Ayer, X is good is a meaningless utterance. As such statements are not support by looking at the entire words in a sentence but by minutely analyzing the words singularly in a sentence to determine there meaning.Likewise, for Carnap, words or sentences must be sustain by certain criterion, for instance, the syntax of a word must be fixed, that is in each use of the word in what Carnap calls an elementary sentence the meaning must be unchanging. Secondly, for an elementary sentence containing a word, it must be determined from what sentence is the word deducible, and what sentences are deducible from the word. Also, under what conditions should the word or sentence be considered to be true or false, how is it to be verified and what is its meaning? For instance, take this example by Carnap using the word anthropods.Anthropods are animals with part bodies and jointed legs (this is t he elementary sentence) from this it can de deduced that X is an animal, X has a segmented body, X has jointed legs. Hence, by means of these stipulations about deducibility or truth- condition, about the method of its meaning of the elementary sentence about anthropod, the meaning of the word is fixed. In this way every word of the language is reduced to other words and finally to the words which occur in the so-called observation sentences or protocol sentences. Carnap claims that it is through this reduction the word acquires meaning. (Logical Positivism 62-63).Problems with Logical PositivismIn the Contemporary European Philosophy, Bochenski claimed that the doctrine used by logical positivists to verify sentences relate great difficulties of various kinds. For instance, a one protocol-sentence can be called into question and tested by another protocol-sentence, such as the sanity of a physicist can be called into question and examined by the psychiatrist (58). The question ha s been asked of the logical positivist as to the basis of the protocol sentence, but they replied by stating that the object of experience can only be sensations. Questions of reality are pseudo-problems, because we can never encounter anything but sensations and we can never verify the existence of things that are other than our sensations (59).Bochenski also commented that since verifications are made by the senses, no statement can be verified other than those relating to the body and its movements all statements of introspective psychology and classical philosophy are unverifiable, therefore meaningless.4 It follows that the only meaningful language is that of physics, and that all science should be unified. One condition remains to be fulfilled according to Bochenski and that is, for a statement to have meaning it must be built in accordance with the syntactical rules of language. Therefore, it is meaningful to say, the horse ingest but the eat eats has no meaning. Also statem ents that you and I know such as, I love you Mummy or I am feeling really sad today would have no meaning because they cannot be empirically verified.How then would we express our sensations? There is therefore no guarantee that things verified impart remain verified for example, it was commonly known that the world was flat and that if you go to the end you will fall off, this was how it was known to be until it was rediscovered by Columbus and his men that the world was round. Another problem outlined by Passmore is that, because the meaning of a proposition is the method of its verification, it is not a scientific proposition.Positivists responded to this by claiming that it should not be read as a statement but as a proposal, that is, a recommendation that propositions should not be accepted as meaningless unless they are verifiable. In resolution to Passmores statement, Carnap suggested that the verifiability principle is a clarification which will distinguish forms of activi ty which are otherwise likely to be confused with one another metaphysicians will thus be able to tell what propositions are meaningless (Logical Positivism).Impact on Subsequent PhilosophyPassmore wrote that logical positivism is knackered, or as dead as a philosophical movement ever becomes but it has left a legacy behind. Logical positivism was essential to the development of early analytic philosophy. It was disseminated throughout the European continent and, later, in American universities by the members of the Vienna Circle. According to the Routeledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, this transplanted to the English speaking world of analytic philosophy. Originally, it set up a series of sharp contrasts between metaphysics and science, logical and factual truths, the verifiable and the non-verifiable, the corrigible and the incorrigible, what can be shown and what can be said, facts and theories. Logical positivism enormously influenced the philosophy of science and the applica tion of logic (language) and mathematical techniques to philosophical problems more generally.Logical positivism therefore has an established place in the history and continuing development of philosophy. At least three reasons can be given for this. One is purely historical, regarding the considerable impact and influence of the movement in its air days. A second lies in the intrinsic interest of its ideas. The third lies in the fact that even if no one today would call themselves a logical positivist some of its main positions, such as verification and emotivism in Ethics, are specification of the actual steps we take for determining their truth or falsity (Hanfling). Also, logical positivism was immensely influential in the philosophy of language. The philosophy of language for the logical positivists is concerned with four central problems the nature of meaning, language use, language cognition, and the relationship between language and reality. Also, it was used in conjunction with logic (Wikipedia Encyclopedia par 1).The spread of logical positivism in the the States occurred throughout the 1930s. The pragmatic tradition of Pierce, James and Dewey, with its instrumentalist conception of science, provided a healthy stock on which to graft logical empiricism, which, particularly in Carnaps work, already had a pragmatist bent (Hackers 183). The rise of logical positivism was evident in the European continent. The English philosopher Alfred Jules Ayer played an important role in facing pages logical positivism. In his book, Language, Truth and Logic, Ayer completely accepted both the Verifiability Principle and the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements, and so he asserted that metaphysical sentences were meaningless.Furthermore, a direct influence was exerted by Waismann and Neurath who immigrated to England. According to Murzi, in his work The Philosophy of Logical Positivism, in the twentieth century, logical positivism has provided a pla tform for Italian philosophy, Polish philosophy and Scandinavian philosophy (19). The influence of logical positivism began to diminish around 1960 with the rise of pragmatic form of realness due to Quine and a historical-sociological approach to philosophy of science due mainly to Thomas Kuhn. Nevertheless, it must be noted that logical positivism played a very important role in the development of contemporary philosophy, not only for its philosophical principles, but also for its editorial and organizational activities.The efforts of the logical positivists to loose science and meaningful discourse generally, of metaphysics, their attempt to create a unified science by laying bare the logical structure of scientific theories and thereby showing the structural similarities, their insistence on logic and empiricism as being the only two reliable and acceptable pillars of knowledgeall these contributed towards a scientific universalism.5 Logical positivism is studied by many modern day students of philosophy and authors philosophers well as have written about it thus testifying to its continued existence, if not its practice. Notwithstanding the above mentioned, it is necessary to note that while logical positivism may have laid a platform for other philosophies, its approach seek to have dismissed the traditional philosophies. Now, if one should pursue logical positivism seriously, then as postulated before, certain feelings would become empty.As Coppleston noted, the increase of logical positivism has helped to produce a mental outlook which was unfavourable to metaphysics and to religion (32). Logical positivism is synonymous to an amoral type philosophy and with those tendencies entrenched in our society a chaotic environment would be established. Personally, looking at its attempt to rid itself of things that can not be proven, in every case it has destroyed too much even where philosophers found it difficult to continue writing.Magee in his book, Confe ssion of a Philosopher A Personal Journey Through western sandwich Philosophy from Plato to Popper, professed to this. For him, there was a period in which several of the cleverest philosophers became reluctant to say anything at all, because almost nothing that might be deemed to be value saying was, unless it was factually provable, permissible. In conclusion, logical positivism, then, is an approach to verifying the meaning of statements through empirical observation.It is a philosophic tradition that attempted to use science and logic to determine the truth or falsity of statements, and to disprove the meaningfulness of metaphysical, ethical and epistemological ideas as we know them to be meaningful. Like any other school of thoughts in philosophy it has come up against criticisms, however it did make contributions to philosophy and philosophical thinking as we know it today whether it is by being studied, opposed, or supported by philosophers.Works CitedAyer, A.J. ed .Logical Positivism. New York Free Press Co-operation, 1959.Bochenski, I.M. Contemporary European Philosophy. London Cambridge University, 1956.Brown Stuart et al. One Hundred Twentieth hundred Philosophers. London Routledge Publishing Ltd. 1999.Hackers, PMS. Wittgensteins Place in Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy. London Blackwell Publishers, 1996.Hanfling, Oswald. Logical Positivism. Oxford B. Blackwell, 1981.Honderich, Ted, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford Oxford UP, 2005.Logical Positivism. Concise Routeledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2000. .Logical Positivism. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 5 Nov. 2006 Retrieved 18 Oct. 2007. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivismMagee, Bryan. Confession of a Philosopher A Personal Journey through Western Philosophy from Plato to Popper. New York Random House Inc. 1997.Murzi, Mauro. The Philosophy of Logical Positivism. Online posting. 18 Oct. 2007. http//www.murzim.net/LP/LP00.htmlPassmore, J. Logical Positivism. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 26 Oct.2004 Retrieved 24 Oct. 2007. http//www.comnet.ca/pballan/logicalpos(passmore).htmRunes, Dagobert. Living Schools of Philosophy Twentieth Century Philosophy. Iowa Littlefield, Adams and Co. 1958.Shah, Mohd Hazim. Logical Positivism, Scientism, Universalism and Globalization. Online posting. 11 Jun. 2002. 24 Oct. 2007. http//sts.um.edu.my/E-Library/Lecture%20Notes/SFGS6111/LP2.pdfVienna Circle. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 28 Jun. 2006 Retrieved 18 Oct. 2007 http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/vienna-circle/1 Honderich, Ted, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford Oxford UP, 2005. 2 Passmore, J. Logical Positivism. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 26 Oct. 2004 Retrieved 24 Oct. 2007. http//www.comnet.ca/pballan/logicalpos(passmore).htm3 Honderich, Ted, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford Oxford UP, 2005. 4 Bochenski, I.M. Contemporary European Philosophy. London Cambridge University,1956.5 Shah, Mohd Hazim. Logical Positvism, Scientism, Univ ersalism and Globalisation. Online posting. 11 Jun. 2002. 24 Oct. 2007.

Behaviorism and Gender

Making everyday decisions is an inevitable course of our daily existence. The choices we do concerning our diet, outfits, daily hygiene, companions and opposites seem as a normal daily routine. Thus, well-nigh of the time we seldom contemplate on the process by which we have accomplished our daily decision-making tasks. Meanwhile, antithetical psychological theories supported the notion that every charitable expression is shaped and propelled by motives and rewards such(prenominal) as pabulum, money, status, and prestige (Howard and Hollander 43).Humans behave in ways for the attain handst of their goals and scheme of negative events and consequences that bring pain and pain (Howard and Hollander 43). In this connection, humans shape their personalities in parallel with societal expectations so as to gain social acceptance (Howard and Hollander 43). In this way, the attainment of goal and avoidance of negative experiences are much assured. Hence, the development or acquisitio n of sex activity, a societal sexual urgeual perspective, is greatly influenced by psycho-sociological ingredients (Howard and Hollander 43).In the early historical period of psychological disciplines, behaviorism became the backbone of psychological studies on human behavior (Howard and Hollander 43). Although contemporary theories have gone beyond the postulates of behaviorists like muleteer and Pavlov, their psychological principles served as the bases for intensive and advanced studies in the field of psychology (Howard and Hollander 43). Through studies on animal behaviors, behavioural psychologists made assumptions on perception, motivation, and learning of every private (Howard and Hollander 43).They scrutinized every factor that affects behavioral attri just nowes of the subject animal then applied it on their observational studies on humans (Howard and Hollander 43). Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlovs notion about erudite reflex is a result of his studies on animal d igestion (Elliot et al. 203). In his experiments, he observed that dog produces saliva in anticipation of nutriment. The flow of saliva in dogs mouth was observed in response not scarcely on the sight of food dish but also upon consultation the attendants sound during feeding.The dog was conditioned that seeing the attendant or hearing a ships bell is a signal of giving food (Elliot et al. 203). Thus, the dog salivated either in the sight of the attendant or upon hearing the bell. Pavlov called each signal as conditioned stimulus. He explained that the food is the flat stimulus that elicited salivation as a response (Elliot et al. 203). At first, salivation was induced upon the sight of food. Then, the food was given simultaneously with metronome. After sometime, the metronome alone caused dogs salivation (Elliot et al. 203). Classical Conditioning and GenderIn small fry rearing practices, at very young age children are conditioned on the choice of garments and toys appropriate to their sexes. This conditioning as absorb by the child can possibly be applied on different settings. For instance, the choice of toys based on sexes such as Barbie skirt for a girl and plastic gun for a boy, would lead to the childs discretion on the type of game or playmates he or she will involved into. This is called stimulus generalization wherein the conditioned behavior, the choice of toys, affected the preference for games or playmates.On the other hand, if the initial conditioning did not affect other preferences, the child then learned the process of discrimination. Through discrimination, the child has limited his or her behavior only on the conditioned stimulus which is the toy pickaxe in this case. Also, the extinction of loss of conditioned stimulus effect on ones behavior is possible. In Pavlovs experiments, after several trials of presenting food to the dog without the metronome, the metronome alone did not elicit salivation when presented (Elliot et al. 203).He nce, a child as days pass-by may lose the conditioned stimulus toy selection on his or her brainiac. Operant Conditioning B. F. Skinner made refinements on the principles of classical conditioning and applied his psychological ideas on different human endeavors (Elliot et al. 208). He proposed the immenseness of reinforcement in eliciting a desired behavior and that environment has great influence in ones behavior. In his operant conditioning, he emphasized that environment reinforces or terminates ones behavior, thus, has the key utilization in understanding behavior (Elliot et al. 208).According to Skinner, behavior is a product of a three-connective processes operation performed by the beingness, inner condition, and behavioral response (Elliot et al. 208). Skinner elicited desired behaviors among his subject animals such as rats and pigeons through his operant chamber (Mayers). Later on, researchers tested the different reinforcers and scheduling of such to facilitate the s haping of desired behavior. They found that the acquisition of desired behavior although less(prenominal) through partial reinforcement schedules as compared with continuous reinforcement, but produced much extinction resistance (Mayers).Moreover, punishment applied to achieve the desired behavior or to terminate a position behavior, even though has negative consequences, but effective when immediately and consistently given (Mayers). Operant Conditioning and Gender Behavioral theorists suggested that every creature regardless of race, societal status, sex and profession is governed by the same behavioral principles (Howard and Hollander 44). In terms of behaviorism, the development of grammatical gender could be possibly explained by making a notion that gender differences and similarities are behavioral consequences (Howard and Hollander 44).Experiments can be designed to elicit gender behavioral patterns of both males and females through different reinforcement pattern. In beha vioral perspectives, men and women could be either aggressive or nurturing if they are awarded or punished in such behavior (Howard and Hollander 44). Then, through field studies, behaviorists can assess environmental factors influencing men or women and yield plausible explanation for the behavioral effects of these factors (Howard and Hollander 44). Through conditioning process, the gender can be imparted into the childs mind either unconsciously or purposively.The type of garments or toys given to the child may embark into his or her mind some restrictions on the things he or she can be used. In addition, some parents either directly or indirectly, inculcate a male child to imitate his fathers behavior, action, and fashion while a female child to be like her mother. By conforming to these parental expectations, the child gains positive reinforcements from his or her parents that strengthen his or her behavior. With these, the child may form his or her early conceptions of gender role and stereotypes. Criticisms on Conditioning TheoryEven though many studies have been conducted to support the conditioning theory of gender development, these are mostly conducted with animals (Naik). In 1984, K. Boulding contended the Skinners generalization about the applicability of the principles drawn from animal studies into complex behavior of humans (Naik). He suggested that more studies with human participants must be conducted in order to prove the validity of Skinners postulates. While Skinners operant conditioning has been recognize in neurosis and phobia therapy, but still insufficient to explain complex human attributes such as language and memory (Naik).In line with this, M. E. P. Seligman proposed that apart from classical and operational conditioning, genetic preparedness has a crucial role in the development of behavioral characteristics (Naik). This third factor associates a particular reinforcer or stimulus to a certain response. He further argued that mo st behaviorist have utilized unprepared sets of stimulus like shock and light, provided less input for the association process, then created generalization of unprepared behavioral output applicable to general cases (Naik).Therefore, even if the behaviorists principles are valid with observe to their sets of unprepared stimulus in testing ground experiments, but still insufficient to provide plausible explanations for prepared behaviors (Naik). Nonetheless, Seligman cited the work of Rozin and Garcia (1971) wherein rats were given with sweetened water as flash of lights and noise were applied simultaneously (Naik). Then, the subjects were treated with X-rays to induce illness and nausea. After several hours, rats became ill and develop aversion with sweetened water but not with noise or light (Naik).According to Seligman genetic predispositions led to the aversion of rats with anything that may cause illness on their part (Naik). Conditioned Emotional Reactions The littler Albert Study In 1920 deception B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner tested the following in their experimental study developing and conditioning an infant to aid an animal through moth-eaten and fearing sound the possibility to develop fear to other animals or objects through the conditioned fear and the time duration of the conditioned fear (Brain 135). Waston and Reyner selected a rosy-cheeked and unemotional, around nine-month old child named Albert B.as subject of their study (Brain 135). At the start, Albert has no fear in dealing with animals and other objects. When a metal bar is soft on(p) by a claw hammer behind him, Albert develops fear. After two-month observation with Albert, Watson and Reyner conditioned him to develop fear with a white rat by a loud clanging sound, produce by the metal bar and claw hammer, as he touches the rat (Brain 135). After seven trials of rat and noise pairing, fear was developed with Albert as the rat was presented alone (Brain 135).Then, after five day s, the rat, a rabbit, a sealskin coat, the heads of Watson and his assistants, a shorthaired dog, a Santa Claus mask, a package of white cotton, and wooden blocks were presented to Albert. He showed strong fear with the rat, sealskin coat, dog and rabbit, and a mild fear response with cotton (Brain 136). On the other hand, Albert did not develop fear with the mask, Watsons hair, and wooden blocks (Brain 135). Five more days later, the rat, dog, and rabbit each paired with a loud noise were again presented to Albert but he has only showed slight reaction for each stimulus (Brain 136).Finally, after thirty-one days, the rat, dog, rabbit, sealskin coat, and Santa Claus mask were again presented to Albert. Watson and Reyner found out that although Albert still showed fear on these things, he manifested tendency to touch each object (Brain 136). Evaluation and Criticisms The Little Albert Study provided an empirical basis for Watsons theory on the development of emotion and behavior (Bra in 137). Watson proved through this experiment that emotional responses can be conditioned and learned.He concluded that phobias are conditioned responses that probably an original fear with a particular stimulus which has been transferred to another object in the duration of time (Brain 137). Similarly with Sigmund Freud, Watson believed that adult personality is significantly influenced by childhood early experiences (Brain 137). However, his work was criticized on the ground that emotional responses are qualitative attributes that can be hardly measured (Brain 137). In addition, since they only have a single subject in their experiment, principles that are valid for general cases may not plausibly be drawn from the results of their study.Since, there was no follow-up studies after Albert has leaved the hospital, the effects on conditioning made were not determined, thus, Watsons notion on early childhood experiences and behavioral development lacked definite proof (Brain 137). Mo reover, ethical issues have been imputed with Watsons works for he manipulated Albert by purposively creating fearing situations (Brain 137). He failed therefore to consider the spontaneous development of behavior through natural settings. Analysis and ConclusionBehaviorists were criticized for their notion that every organism follows similar norms as dictated by their conditioning principles (Mayers). At present, it is an accepted psychological truth that conditioning principles are governed by cognition and hindered by biological factors (Mayer). In Pavlovs classical conditioning, the subject animal learned to anticipate for an unconditioned stimulus however, animals have biological attributes in learning associations like acknowledgement of poisonous food through smell association (Mayers).Thus, behavior is not only elicited through external stimulus such as bell (Mayers). Behaviorists found that animal behavior can be shaped through reinforcement or the association of a respons e behavior with eliciting positive or negative stimulus (Howard and Hollander 44). They suggested that this principle as applied on humans could possibly provide clear behavioral explanations (Howard and Hollander 44). As applied on humans, behavioral theorists proposed that consequences of actions could provide understanding of the behavior of an individual (Howard and Hollander 44).This could be done by relating an action with the consequences of a similar action done in the past(a). Further, behaviorists believed that if in the past experiences, actions of an individual created rewards and punishments (Howard and Hollander 44). Actions that were rewarded are tended to be repeated in the present time while actions associated with punishments are avoided (Howard and Hollander 44). However, behavioral theorists have only considered behavior and neglected thoughts and emotions.According to them, thoughts, emotions or feelings are not behavioral determinants but are just by-products of the environmental effects on ones behavior (Howard and Hollander 44). Cognitive and constructive psychologists criticized Skinner for he has given value on the external control of behavior and underestimated the cognitive and biological precepts (Mayers). For instance, contemporary studies on learning and motivation revealed the crucial role of cognition and physiological brain processes.Nevertheless, operant principles were deemed to control people, thus, led to ethical issues (Mayers). Nowadays, Skinners psychological notions are applied for success reinforcement in different fields (Mayers). Through operant conditioning, a desired behavior is produced by giving positive reinforcements while a behavior is terminated by applying punishing stimulus. Based on the above discussions, the process of socialization has a crucial role on gender acquisition and development. Through socialization process, an individual learns the societal norms and mores.The agents of socialization such a s family, educational institution, peers, and media reflect and even dictate conditioned gender stereotypes that an individual must conform with otherwise leads to societal ridicule. In line with this, gender stereotypes shaped masculinity as an individuals ability to control themselves on emotional situations whenever necessary especially at heart the workplace and even in their sexual relationships (Lothstein 212-214). Thus, has influenced male behaviors as being competitive, assertive, independent, assertive, confident, tough, often angered and violent.With these characteristics on hand, males must keep in mind to sidestep having feminine characteristics such as being expressive on their thoughts, emotional, vulnerable and intimate in avoidance of societal ridicule (Lothstein 212-214). In the society, being feminine is traditionally described as nurturing, supportive, and assigning high priority to ones relationships (Lothstein 212-214). Also, females are expected to avoid man ly behaviors like being competitive, assertive and often crazy and violent (Lothstein 212-214).Therefore, behaviorism views may not suffice to provide a plausible explanation for the development and acquisition of gender. Unlike the subjects of the behavioral psychologists in their laboratory experiments, humans are exposed to the different socio-cultural factors that spontaneously affect behavioral attributes. Hence, behavioral theories should be incorporated with other contemporary theories on gender such as psychoanalytic, psychosocial, social-cognitive, biological, and schema theory for a better perspective on gender acquisition and development. Works CitedBrain, Christine. Advanced Subsidiary Psychology Approaches and Methods. UK Nelson Thornes, 2000. Elliot, Stephen N. , Kratochwill, Thomas R. , Cook, Joan Littlefield, and Travers, John F. Educational Psychology Effective Teaching, Effective Learning, 3rd Ed. Boston, MA McGraw Hill, 2000. Howard, Judith A. and Hollander, Jo celyn. Gendered Situations, Gendered Selves A Gender Lens on Social Psychology. Lanham, Maryland Rowman Altamira, 1997. Lothstein, Leslie Martin. Female-to-Male Transsexualism. Boston Routledge and Kegan Paul plc, 1983Mayers, David G. Psychology, eighth Ed. 2006. Worth Publishers. 9 January 2009 . Naik, Payal. Behaviorism as a Theory of Personality A Critical Look. August 1998. Personality Papers. 9 January 2009 http//www. personalityresearch. org/papers/naik. html.

History and Comparison of Windows, Linux, and Apple Essay

An operating ashes is a set of chopines containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among electronic reckoner hardw ar resources. Most operating systems perform similar functions that include starting and shutting down a computer, providing a user interface, managing programs, managing memory, coordinating tasks, configuring devices, establishing an Internet connection, supervise performance, providing file management and other utilities, and automatically updating itself and certain utility programs (Shelly p. 398). There argon three major operating systems that exist today that are going to be compared to decide which operating system could be best for different user purposes. The three operating systems are Windows, Linux, and Apple.Windows operating system is authentic and maintained by Microsoft in Seattle, WA. The Microsoft Company was developed by Bill Gates. The first version of the Windows operating system was released in 1985, and has b een the leading operating system used by 90% of users (Satyam). It is used by the Server 2008 R2 (Satyam). Windows is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which allows its users to manage files and run software programs easily on desktop and laptop computers (Satyam). On the desktop, icons are used to represent programs that are easy to find and put forward be clicked to easily access and run the program of choice. Windows is also very popular because of its user interface programs such as Microsoft Office, which include Microsoft Word, Microsoft Power Point, and Microsoft Office Outlook. Windows also has a great reputation for its mellowed and efficient security. Some popular Windows editions are Win 98, Win 2000, Win Me, Windows NT, Windows CE, Win 2003, Win XP, Win Vista and Windows 7 (Satyam). Windows 8 is straightaway the reinvigorated successor of Windows 7 and is now available.Linux (Linus Unix) is a leading server operating system, and is used for running the top 10 fastest supercomputers in the world (Satyam). Linus Torwalds created Linux, and is the on-going owner of the Linux Trademark (Satyam). LIndows, Lycoris, Red Hat, SuSe, Mandrake, Knopping, Slackware are the various companies that distri merelye the Linux operating system (Satyam). NASlite is a version of the Linux operating system that runs off of a one floppy disk and converts an old computer into a file server (Satyam). Some popular versions of Linux include Debian, Fedora, and Red Hat. This operating system is ranked clean below Windows operating system, but is quickly becoming popular and is predicted to give future Windows some tough competition.Since 1984, macintosh OS 9 had been Apples primary operating system, but has been recently succeeded by Mac OS X. Mac OS X is a sequence of Unix-based operating systems and GUIs developed, marketed and sold by Apple (Satyam). Mac OS X is user friendly, and is popular for its plug-and-play support, which means the operating system automatical ly configures new devices as they are installed (Shelly p. 408).As stated in the beginning of this paper, Windows, Linux, and Apple are the three most popular operating systems with Windows as the most popular of the three with 85% to 90% of personal computers using this operating system (Satyam). Compared to Windows, Mac is used by fewer people, but is more reliable and less likely to locomote than Windows OS because of Mac regularly monitoring and the software and hardware add-ons. Linux is the least popular of the three and is based on UNIX, which has been used for more than three decades that now powers about 90% of Web sites (Satyam). Compared to both Mac and Windows, Linux is an open source project, meaning anyone can modify the Linux Code (Satyam). Linux offers great security and flexibility compared to Windows and Mac, but it takes a great deal of knowledge to install and operate the Linux operating system. Linux is also very much less expensive or even informal compared t o Windows operating system.When using a server, Linux is much cheaper compared to Windows because Microsoft only allows only a single copy to be used on one computer. However, once Linux is purchased, it can be used on any number of computers at no additional charge (Satyam). Windows can make it difficult for users to store user selective information and settings and switch to a new computer, but Linux stores the users data in the home directory, making it easier to transfer from an old to a new computer (Satyam). In conclusion, Linux is much more secure, reliable, flexible, and more cost efficient than Windows or Mac, but much more difficult to install, understand and operate, it is ideal for industry sectors. Windows and Mac operating systems are much easier for personal use and require less knowledge than Linux operating system. Windows and Mac, however, are more expensive, but are more astray used than Linux, with Windows leading the three in popularity.ReferencesShelly, G. B. , & Vermaat, M. E. (2011). Discovering Computers 2011 Living in a Digital World, Complete (pp. 398-408). Boston, MA Course Technology, Cengage Learning. Satyam. (2011, June 29). Windows, Linux or Mac OS A Comparison. In HackDigital. Retrieved September 26, 2012, from Google.

Ethical Lens

In reviewing my ethical lens inventory I contribute many faults and many advantages when it comes to the way I learn. My personal preferable lens is rights and responsibility, which means I use rationality to determine my duties as well as the rules that each person should follow. There were many results of my ethical lens inventory. The results of my classical values are temperance. I value item-by-item balance and restraint in the want for pleasure that I seek to fulfill my duties. My underlying phrase is I am responsible, because of this I assume that what I commend is responsible should apply to everyone.My definition of ethical behavior is fulfilling duties, I sprightliness an ethical person would be one who fulfills their duties and does the right thing. The tools I use to analyze problems are reason. I tend to think well-nigh problems carefully and interrogation them so I am receiving the fullest and accurate data. My blind spot would be that Belief that motive justifi es method. This means that I could unknowingly cause concourse upset and pain because I am focused on good motives. It as well means I believe that there is a set of individual rules that everyone should follow, it also means that I follow the rules.My seeing clearly is listening to my heart, I always follow my heart about everything before my head and that could also be a downfall. Sometimes I put my belief above others because it is what I think is right, but what I think is right is not always right. My personal lens could affect my academic behavior by my crisis which is becoming exhausted. Being exhausted and not pacing myself could definitely accost my academic behavior. It could direct it by being tired and exhausted so not being able to perform academically to the best of my abilities.My ethical lens influences my critical idea because it means that I am responsible. By being responsible and wanting to fulfill my duties to the best of my ability it means I ask question s and research everything, therefore increasing my critical thinking skills. The results of my move building activity aptitude showed that I am focused. Being focused means that I would be die suited for a career that involved me using and applying practical skills. It says that I am likely to be attracted to very practical jobs and careers. I personally think this is false because my career choice is to be a social worker.Being a social worker seems to be a really exciting and it involves you to always have to be thinking outside the box, the complete opposite of a practical job. There are many ways I can use my career aptitude results and competencies and my personal ethical lens to help me in the classroom and the workplace. One way it these results can help is it shows me my strengths and weaknesses. Another way is the give me advice about the way my thinking works and how to apply it. These surveys have been very helpful to my academics and workplace decisions.

Comparison Of Hobbes’ And Locke’s Political Philosophies Essay

doubting Thomas Hobbes and joke Locke argon both contemporary philosophers who were made famous for their political philosophies especi eachy on atomic number 18as of governing body and the community. Although Hobbes was born forty one years ahead of Locke, both drive home agreed on reliable ideas but remained in contrast with others. In this paper we impart try to comp atomic number 18 the main philosophies held by Hobbes and Locke, focusing on their opinions on government, community, leadership and the concept of social contract or covenant.This paper depart withal attempt to align the said philosophies in contemporary events particularly in the Ameri spate bread and butter aft(prenominal) September 11 snipe. At the end of this paper, this author aims to establish the fact that Lockes political philosophies are more practical, consistent and acceptable over that of Hobbes. Hobbes and Locke are particularly interested in gracious race beings and how they interact with the world. Both believing in the knowence of God, they both insist that human beings get hold of a leader- a feature of human community that is a vital element of their survival.1With surface a leader, the dry land would f alone a musical mode into nonhing. They however differ on the type of leader that a community should deem in order to survive. For Hobbes, t presents only one man that should tower or govern the mint, and that is a king (Hobbes, Thomas 1994, p. 83). Hobbes maintains that it is only this king who should be given(p) the authority and the righteousness to write laws, make decision and consequently of misrepresentling the people. In order for people to survive, people are therefore compelled to attend the commands of the pattern, both in apparitional and government matters.Locke however believes the other way around. For ass Locke, it is instead the people who should run the government and not the king. Consequently, Locke testifys to the idea that the responsibility of uniting and taking plow of the needs of the whole community lies in the hands of the people and not on the sole control of one person. Unlike Hobbes, Locke somehow points to a democratic roll of government wherein the people are given the right to participate in in all personal matters of the government including the responsibility of deciding what is best for the world-wide public.Locke also suggests that the people should rather have to decide on who they wanted to rule over them. Moreover, since the cater lies on the people, they have the right to overthrow a wicked ruler in the same way as they have decided to have him seated in the position (Locke, John 1997, p. 22). Because Hobbes maintains authoritarian fig of government, he insists that 1society could not exist except by the power of the recount. This is in a flash contrary to Lockes view that man is inherently a social being and thus has the need and the ability to interact with others.Hobbes ide a and then simply would suggest that man is necessarily a tool that cannot decide for him nor does he has the ability to discern what is good and what is evil because he needs a ruler in order to establish a society. Moreover the farmingment suggests that man has to submit to an authority and after which all individual rights are gone and so man is compelled to conform. It is also important to note that Hobbes, in this aspect believes that man does not have the right to rebel against the ruler since the latter is assumed to be someone who does all things good and lawful.For Hobbes, the right thing for man to do is to shut up and obey and once this is done, anyone does not have the right to kill the obedient one. Because the state is the supreme ruler in the society, the ruler then is assumed to be wise enough to the point that all his affairs, his views and decisions are deemed just. Hobbes also assumes that 1all of society is a direct creation of the state and a reflection of t he will of the ruler. Locke however has a better and more practical idea that is obviously been the basis of just ab expose governments, especially those that employ the democratic form of government.On the concept of social contract, Locke believes that by giving up our rights to exact retribution for crimes, we are in return given the right to just, impartial protection of our properties and out live ons (Harris, Ian 1994). Relative to this, man excuse retain his rights to life and liberty. The state, according to Locke has only one role, and that is 1to get wind that justice is seen to be done. The ruler therefore is necessarily not the sole decision nobleman in the society, rather he is just an instrument appointed by the general public to get along justice and maintain peace.The government therefore, as peacemakers should not be involved in any form of injustice or any act that may disturb peace in the society. Otherwise, Locke believes that the people are given the right to kill or overthrow the ruler. Although Hobbes is in favor of the unlimited power of the state, he justified his point well by stating that the purpose of such unlimited power is to end all conflict and contention. Because he regarded people as creatures who are in sure-footed of knowing what is good and evil, Hobbes believes that people have the tendency to freely live a material life which would result into conflict.Thus the avoid this, the state is given the sole and unlimited power over them. 1Both Hobbes and Locke believe that there is an implied contract between the state and the people as soon as a ruler is being laid in power. The balance however is that Locke regard that contract as something that impliedly sets the ruler as a judge over the affairs of the people while Hobbes set that contract as something that sets the ruler as a master of the people. Hobbes points out all contracts are binding, even if entered into from fear of violence or pain of death (Hobbes, 1994 p.86). Hobbes does maintains that man does not have the ability to recognize good from evil because he believes that good and evil are found and defined by the will of the state (Hobbes, 1994 p. 28). This entertains that good and evil exist only because something or things are defined as such by the ruler. Hobbes then points to the idea that there exist no definite standard or basis for man to know what is the right thing to do and what is wrong. As with the idea of property and its ownership, Hobbes believes that the state is the one defining the property of somebody.Because man cannot discern good from evil, human beings without the state or the ruler cannot live in peace. Hobbes further assumes that peace can only exist and reign in a society when its people subject themselves to one absolute and common master. From here Hobbes might be suggesting that it is impossible for the world to experience peace since the world does have different rulers. On the other hand, Locke believe s that humans inherently has the depicted object to discern what is good from evil and are therefore capable of knowing what is lawful and what is not.Most importantly, they are capable of telling the difference between what is theirs and what belongs to someone else (Locke, John 2002, p. 87). Locke however recognizes the fact that despite this inherent capacity and ability, humans act the other way around. In Lockes view, the only norm should be peace and nothing else (Cox, R. H. 1960, p. 32). Unlike Hobbes, Locke believes that man has the capacity to live in peace by refraining from hurting other and from molesting or invading their properties.Since man has the inherent capacity to discern what is good from evil, it not therefore impossible for the world to achieve peace even with the human beings of different rulers. All rulers of different countries in the world are human beings who are supposed to be mature and wise enough to know what is best for their people. Because most o f these rulers are elected by the people, then it is likely that it is the general preference of the people that dominates the government affairs.I also agree with Locke that when the ruler placed by the people on the seat of power abused his political powers, then the people have all the right to overthrow him and replace with somebody deserving. In the contemporary world, Hobbes and Lockes political theories can still be relevant especially that these have, in bulk, something to do with rights and liberties of the people and the role of the government on managing the lives of its people. After the September 11 attack, the American government has been very vigilant and has somehow gone beyond the normal process of ensuring the security of the Americans.Such security measures are so rigid and strict to the point that the freedom-loving Americans thought there are losing much of their liberties. The government in defense ensures the public that such carrying out of security measures plainly for national security. As for me, such measures are preferred because my security, that of my family and all Americans is of higher sizeableness than my liberties. Let us remember that the role of the state is to ensure that justice is being served at all times, as Locke maintains.Part of serving justice is for the state to implement measures that see to it that nobody in its jurisdiction is being oppressed or hurt. To set up surveillance cameras, place military men in public places, have everyones baggage inspected in airports, hotels or malls are part of security measures and I do not see anything that suggests these things to be invading anyones liberties. Besides what is liberty if we will all die under crumbles of another attack? The President has been elected by the people and it is assumed that his rule has the consent of the majority.The American people are wise enough to discern who the best person at the Presidential seat is. By casting our votes, we are entrust ing our security and the general condition of the American people in the hands on the person we voted upon. To entrust our security to the elected President does not mean we are being robots who have nothing more to do but to shut up and obey as what Hobbes suggest. To have security measures implemented in public places does not at all reveal our liberties and thus we do not need to regain them.I believe that the American government still acts within the limits of justice and that I still regard all measures to be actions wherein human security rather than vengeance is of higher priority. I believe that the American government has not yet failed with its task of defend its people so we as citizens do not have yet the right to rebel or withdraw our support. Let us remember that failure to take its primary responsibility is the only requisite Locke has provided in order for the people to have reasons to rebel.We still have our full liberties with us and security measures are implem ented in order to regain one thing we have lost in the 911 attack justice.BIBLIOGRAPHYCox, R. H. Locke on War and Peace. OUP Oxford, 1960. Harris, Ian. The Mind of John Locke. cup Cambridge, 1994. An excellent contextual analysis of the political and religious mindset of Lockes Britain. Hobbes, Thomas. The Leviathan. Ed. Edwin Curley. Indianapolis Hacket. 1994. Locke, John. Essay on the Law of Nature. In Political Writings. Cambridge Texts in the fib of Political Thought. Ed. Mark Goldie. CUP Cambridge, 2002. 1Locke versus Hobbes. 24 November 2007. http//www. jim. com/hobbes. htm Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Ed. Peter Laslett. CUP Cambridge, 1997. Locke, John. Two Tracts on Government. In Political Writings. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Ed. Mark Goldie. CUP Cambridge, 2002.

Fight Club Essay

Every so often, a film comes along that shocks pot and forces them to acknowledge issues and realities that be normally taboo in open community and be fodder for conversations with therapists. The film Fight Club (1999) directed by David Fincher is just one of these films. How do state react when challenged to question the purpose and perspective of their lives as influenced by society, isolation, fear, survival and their own exposure and mortality? storyteller This chick Marla singer did not devour testicular cancer. She was a liar. She had no diseases at all. I had seen her at Free and Clear my blood parasite group Thursdays.Then at Hope, my bi-monthly sickle cell circle. And again at Seize the Day, my tuberculous Friday night. Marla the big tourist. Her lie reflected my lie. Suddenly I felt nothing. I couldnt cry, so once again I couldnt sleep. What happens when people are event up to accept the negative side of what they do? As what happened to the narrator when he was forced to see his actions for the corrupt and voyeuristic nature that it had, discovery al near always leads to guilt and self-loathing. Sociology propounds the estimateing that every individuals behavior and values are influenced by factors at bottom his environment.People have a need for a certain level of security, control and belonging in society. These needs are often met by actions elect and motivated by fear of world isolated and failure. The narrator, for example, has led a fairly routine heart. He is a mild-mannered employee that makes him fair game for his much arrogant bosses and other more outspoken people such as his doctor. One might say it is his need for job security to sustain his moneymaking(a) life style that makes him meek and generally docile. People are bound by the need to be accepted and recognized as good, moral and reliable people who follow rules.The rules that bind society whitethorn either be judicial, social, or the tenets ascribed to by ones f aith or religion. It may be reasonable to think that while at the back of the narrators mind, he knows his participation in group therapy has turned into a perverted and voyeuristic addiction. Having made to come to face with the reality of his actions in the person of Marla, he begins to get angry. Even people in real life are want that. They can delude themselves into acknowledging only the more acceptable part of their actions to the dapple of rationalization it.Its the Machiavellian adage of The end justifies the means. But almost always something or in this case, someone happens that shatters the delusion and people then turn angry and experience guilt once they are confronted with the verity and reality of what they have been doing. There is a belief that for a man to discover what he is made of, he essential first be stripped of all his possessions and pre-conceived notions of existence. Buddhism was founded on such a premise. Symbolically, that is also what happened to the narrators character when he was stripped of all his worldly possessions by a fire.Human nature exists within boundaries. One can take the losses and negativity up to a certain point. Once that point is reached, the need for assertion and self-preservation takes over. One might almost call it the feather that broke the camels back. Losing the reassurance of a comfort zone and organism plunged into unknown territories is probably one of mans greatest fears that turns life into a matter of survival. In society, people take on roles that come with certain expectations. It is satisfying because it is familiar. Be it defined by their job title, family or role in personal relationships, people are more often viewed by the actions and responsibilities entailed by their roles. Employees are expected to be subservient to management and perform well, a husband is expected to earn and sustain his family, friends are expected to be good buddies and be at that place when their friends need them. If one thinks about it, in these roles, a persons identity is determined by the value that one brings to a relationship. And for people to earn their survival in familiar grounds, they do their outperform to fulfill such roles.There is however, the secret self that is part of every person that is kept unknown from the world. Tyler Durden All the ways you wish you could be, thats me. I look like you wanna look, I fuck like you wanna fuck, I am smart, capable, and most importantly, I am free in all the ways that you are not. How often is it that one feels anger that produces pictures of violence within their heads? In todays fast paced and disagreeable times, different modes of therapy and tension busters have been designed specifically to deal with repressed emotions. He made me so angry I could have killed himViolence occurs in the thoughts of people whether they admit it or not. It could be from the pettiest toughness to the more dangerous rages. Beneath a veneer of soci al graces and smiles, a person could be imagining the most violent thoughts against the person they are smilingly chatting with. Tyler Durden People do it everyday, they talk to themselves they see themselves as theyd like to be, they dont have the courage you have, to just run with it. What is freedom? One would think that if people were to take freedom for its full definition, they would be able to do whatever they wanted as long as they took responsibility.In the same sense, what defines a free man? Is it the ability to do whatever he desires without thought to anything else or is it the ability to assert and maintain ones identity in the face of social expectation and laws? Take the case of the narrator He is unhappy with every facet of his life from his job to how he deals with others. His life is defined only by worldly possessions. He is meek and subservient towards a boss he detests. He is free yet limit. Freedom therefore is constrained by mans fear of consequence. This is a common experience.People are forced to do things as if in a barter. In the work place, tempers are controlled and respect is forced. In return, there is material gratification in the form of salaries, survival in the sense that employment is maintained and of course, advancement socially and personal economics. This kind of existence meets its most supreme challenge however in the inevitable for, serviceman mortality. Tyler Durden Tomorrow will be the most beautiful day of Raymond K. Hessels life. His breakfast will enjoy better than any meal you and I have ever tasted. In the scene where Tyler put a gun to Hessels head, it is a reasonable belief that the character Hessel fully expected to die at that very moment. To be given a reprieve when he was let go is literally being given a second chance at life. Death is a very powerful apprehension and eventuality. It is interesting to note that people faced with their own mortality experience a shift in perspective when it comes to how worthless or meaningful their lives have been. The definition of life changes from day to day light existence to something that is much more valuable and dynamic.From the roles a person takes on due to necessity, mortality makes them face the reality of what they really are complete with their wants and desires. The realization of a life led without personal truth and realization makes a person desperate to grab at the few chances to actualize their desires before cobblers last claims them. Tyler Durden Guys, what would you wish youd done before you died? Steph Paint a self-portrait. The Mechanic Build a house. Tyler Durden to vote counter And you? Narrator I dont know. Turn the wheel now, come on Tyler Durden You have to know the retort to this questionIf you died right now, how would you feel about your life? Certain things happen that changes a persons view of life completely. Be they positive or negative, the life experience and human individuality are complex yet in tertwined. Some may find it easy to dismiss Nortons character as simply schizophrenic or weak. Yet the truth is that within every person is an honest being that has individual needs, desires and desired freedoms that may just be unacceptable in an organized and tradition command society. Everyone also has the potential to rebel against it and prescribed conventions.The dialogue between the narrator and Tyler best summarizes this Tyler Durden Did you know that if you intermix equal parts of gasoline and frozen orange juice concentrate you can make napalm? Narrator No, I did not know that is that true? Tyler Durden Thats right One could make all kinds of explosives, apply simple household items. Narrator Really? Tyler Durden If one were so inclined. Works Cited Fight Club. Dir. David Fincher. Perf. Brad Pitt, Edward Norton, capital of Montana Bonham Carter, Meat Loaf. Art Linson Productions, 1999.